The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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McCoy, H.V., and Miles, C. A gender comparison of health status among users of crack cocaine. J Psychoactive Drugs 24:389-397, 1992. Miller, E.M. Street Women. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986. O’Farrell, N. Transmission of HIV: Genital ulceration, sexual behavior, and circumcision. Lancet ii Nov.:1157, 1989. Osmond, D. Heterosexual transmission of HIV. In: Cohen, P.T.; Sande, M.A.; and Volberding, P.A., eds. The AIDS Knowledge Base. Waltham, MA: Massachusetts Medical Society, 1990. pp. 1.2.4:1-9 Panos Institute. AIDS and the Third World. London: Panos Publications, 1988. Piot, P.; Kreiss, J.K.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.; Ngugi, E.N.; Simonsen, J.N.; Cameron, D.W.; Tealman, H.; and Plummer, F.A. Editorial review: Heterosexual transmission of HIV. AIDS 1:199-206, 1987. Plummer, F.A.; Simonsen, J.N.; Cameron, D.W.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.; Kreiss, J.K.; Gakinya, M.N.; Waiyaki, P.; Cheang, M.; Piot, P.; Ronald, A.R.; and Ngugi, E.N. Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 163:233-239, 1991. Puro, V.; Narciso, N.; Girardi, E.; Antonelli, L.; Zaccarelli, M.; and Visco, G. Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus infection by oro-genital sex. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis 10:47, 1991. Ratner, M.S., ed. Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for-Crack Exchanges. New York: Lexington Books, 1993. Rosenbaum, M. Women on Heroin. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981. Rozenbaum, W.; Gharakhanian, S.; Cardon, B.; Duval, E.; and Coulaud, J.P. HIV transmission by oral sex. Lancet i June:1395, 1988. Shannon, G.W.; Pyle, G.F.; and Bashshur, R.L: The Geography of AIDS: Origins and Course of the Epidemic. New York: Guilford Press, 1991. Simonsen, J.N.; Cameron, D.W.; Gakinya, M.N.; Ndinya-Achola, J.O.; D’Costa, L.J.; Karasira, P.; Cheang, M.; Ronald, A.R.; Piot, P.; and Plummer, F.A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 319:274-278, 1988. Singh, Y.N.; Singh, K.; Joshi, R.; Rustagi, G.K.; and Malaviya, A.N. HIV infection among long-distance truck drivers in Delhi, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 6:323, 1993. Spitzer, P.G., and Weiner, N.J. Transmission of HIV infection from a woman to a man by oral sex. N Engl J Med 320:251, 1989. 39
Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford, D.; Witt, D.J.; Byington, R.; Schooley, R.T.; and Hirsch, M.S. Isolation of HTLV-III/LAV from cervical secretions of women at risk for AIDS. Lancet 1:525-527, 1986. Vogt, M.W.; Witt, D.J.; Craven, D.E.; Byington, R.; Crawford, D.; Hutchinson, M.S.; Schooley, R.T.; and Hirsch, M.S. Isolation patterns of the human immunodeficiency virus from cervical secretions during the menstrual cycle of women at risk for the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Ann Intern Med 106:380-382, 1987. Weiss, R.D., and Mirin, S.M. Cocaine. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987. Winick, C., and Kinsie, P.M. The Lively Commerce: Prostitution in the United States. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971. Wofsy, C.B.; Cohen, J.B.; Hauer, L.B.; Padian, N.; Michaelis, B.; Evans, J.; and Levy, J.A. Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet 1:527-529, 1986. AUTHOR James A. Inciardi, Ph.D. Professor and Director Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies University of Delaware 77 East Main Street Newark, DE 19716-2582 40
Page 1 and 2: National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
Page 7 and 8: Partners. The review was held April
Page 9 and 10: Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
Page 11 and 12: highlights the critical importance
Page 13 and 14: AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
Page 15 and 16: Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
Page 17 and 18: Even in areas with low seroprevalen
Page 19 and 20: involves using a syringe to draw bl
Page 21 and 22: Hispanics were less likely to repor
Page 23 and 24: victimization through theft, violen
Page 25 and 26: sharing? When are needles deliberat
Page 27 and 28: Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
Page 29 and 30: Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
Page 31 and 32: HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
Page 33 and 34: during that time, and the possibili
Page 35 and 36: All of these issues and considerati
Page 37 and 38: ecoming the norm for both male and
Page 39 and 40: the skin on his penis while having
Page 41 and 42: REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
Page 43: Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
Page 47 and 48: transmission from males to females
Page 49 and 50: (this volume), there is little atte
Page 51 and 52: Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
Page 53 and 54: Female Drug Abusers and the Context
Page 55 and 56: have the data but interpret it supe
Page 57 and 58: important to examine current studie
Page 59 and 60: found in this study was low socioec
Page 61 and 62: who trade sex for crack; and simila
Page 63 and 64: esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
Page 65 and 66: Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
Page 67 and 68: The lack of rational thought separa
Page 69 and 70: Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
Page 71 and 72: Factors Associated With Poverty A n
Page 73 and 74: encouraging such women to leave the
Page 75 and 76: Hispanic women but extramarital aff
Page 77 and 78: coherence—the sense that life is
Page 79 and 80: the change agent may be a crucial f
Page 81 and 82: Centers for Disease Control and Pre
Page 83 and 84: Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
Page 85 and 86: O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
Page 87 and 88: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
Page 89 and 90: with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
Page 91 and 92: found among both hustlers and call
Page 93 and 94: Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
Page 95 and 96:
TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
Page 97 and 98:
less than 2 percent of participants
Page 99 and 100:
TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
Page 101 and 102:
A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
Page 103 and 104:
in mind, however, that most of the
Page 105 and 106:
seropositivity and reported NMPD us
Page 107 and 108:
interaction and education than men
Page 109 and 110:
Geographic differences found in the
Page 111 and 112:
that they are intending or desirous
Page 113 and 114:
enough is known in general about th
Page 115 and 116:
REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
Page 117 and 118:
Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
Page 119 and 120:
Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
Page 121 and 122:
prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
Page 123 and 124:
Trade hustlers are usually heterose
Page 125 and 126:
TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
Page 127 and 128:
diagnosed slightly more often than
Page 129 and 130:
TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
Page 131 and 132:
By the 100th interview, the screeni
Page 133 and 134:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
Page 135 and 136:
Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
Page 137 and 138:
HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
Page 139 and 140:
AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
Page 141 and 142:
comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
Page 143 and 144:
232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
Page 145 and 146:
Although these data provide an over
Page 147 and 148:
Most of these were unprotected sexu
Page 149 and 150:
national epidemiologic survey of hi
Page 151 and 152:
Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
Page 153 and 154:
higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
Page 155 and 156:
Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
Page 157 and 158:
Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
Page 159 and 160:
Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
Page 161 and 162:
the types of intervention strategie
Page 163 and 164:
from a study group of 52 youths who
Page 165 and 166:
forearm during a sexual episode. At
Page 167 and 168:
I was nice looking, like I can do a
Page 169 and 170:
It is unclear whether the disinhibi
Page 171 and 172:
continual sexual dysfunction was re
Page 173 and 174:
TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
Page 175 and 176:
highway of love. It’s like, I’d
Page 177 and 178:
Unprotected sexual activity is more
Page 179 and 180:
alternatives and opportunities, and
Page 181 and 182:
the night and food for the morning.
Page 183 and 184:
7. also can help youths explore and
Page 185 and 186:
Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
Page 187 and 188:
AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
Page 189 and 190:
Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
Page 191 and 192:
permission-giving introductions to
Page 193 and 194:
conversion and perhaps even serocon
Page 195 and 196:
TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
Page 197 and 198:
TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
Page 199 and 200:
eliability. It seems obvious that q
Page 201 and 202:
sometimes as many as three zip code
Page 203 and 204:
Resources and effort are required t
Page 205 and 206:
Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
Page 207 and 208:
The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
Page 209 and 210:
same meaning may be extended to dru
Page 211 and 212:
THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
Page 213 and 214:
hurried, and adequate needle cleani
Page 215 and 216:
degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
Page 217 and 218:
searched me and I had stashed the c
Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
Page 221 and 222:
Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
Page 223 and 224:
Assessing the Reliability and Valid
Page 225 and 226:
TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
Page 227 and 228:
Table 2 shows percentage agreement
Page 229 and 230:
FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
Page 231 and 232:
cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
Page 233 and 234:
TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
Page 235 and 236:
aggravate self-presentation bias. T
Page 237 and 238:
TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
Page 239 and 240:
intercourse, and since anal interco
Page 241 and 242:
Future Directions for Studies on th
Page 243 and 244:
abusers, and other variables are ne
Page 245 and 246:
Behavior patterns can be clarified
Page 247 and 248:
As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
Page 249 and 250:
strengths within a setting or indiv
Page 251 and 252:
National Institute on While limited
Page 253 and 254:
62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
Page 255 and 256:
89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
Page 257 and 258:
111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
Page 259 and 260:
127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
Page 261:
NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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