The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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Hilarie Kelly is an anthropologist and ethnographer with crosscultural experience studying sexual and drug use practices in Africa and young people in Los Angeles and Orange County. She accessed youth through the main service agency for gay and lesbian youth in Los Angeles and through formal and informal networks in Orange County, CA. REFERENCES Abel-Peterson, T. “Street Youths and HIV.” Paper presented at the Second International Encounter on the Health Problems of Street Youths. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 3-5, 1992. Bermudez, R., and Shalwitz, J. Report on HIV seroprevalence and transmission factors in young people using special programs for youth clinics. In: Baxter, M., and Reyes, M., eds. HIV and Adolescence: Issues in San Francisco - 1992. San Francisco: Special Programs for Youth, 1992. Cohen, J. “Different Types of Prostitution Show Wide Variation in HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Disease Risk.” Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 1992. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings. National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993. Currie, E. Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993. Dryfoos, J. Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Erikson, E. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton, 1968. Etwart, C. Social action theory for a public health psychology. Am Psychol 46:931-946, 1991. Futterman, D.; Hein, K.; Reuben, N.; Dell, R.; and Schaffer, N. HIV virus infected adolescents: The first fifty patients in a New York City program. Pediatrics 91(4):730-735, 1993. Hunter, J., and Schaecher, R. Lesbian and gay youth. In: Rotheram- Borus, M.J.; Bradley, J.; and Oblolensky, J., eds. Planning to Live: Evaluating and Treating Suicidal Teens in Community Settings. National Resource Center for Youth Services. Tulsa, OK: University of Oklahoma, 1990. 179
Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. New York: Academic Press, 1977. Kandel, D.B., and Raveis, V.H. Cessation of illicit drug use in young adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:109-116, 1989. Kennedy, M. “HIV Prevention with Adolescents Who are HIV Seropositive.” Paper presented at the Annual Conference on HIV Prevention, Washington, D.C., March 1989. Luna, G.C. HIV and homeless youth. Focus 2(10), 1987. Luna, G.C. Street youth: Adaptation and survival in the AIDS decade. J Adolescent Health 12(7):497-582, 1991. Luna, G.C., and Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Street youth and the AIDS pandemic. Supplement. AIDS Educ Prev 4:1-13, 1992. Marotta, T.; Fisher, B.; and Pincus, M. Adolescent Male Prostitution, Pornography, and Other Forms of Sexual Exploitation. San Francisco: Urban and Rural Systems Associates, 1982. Marotta, T. Midnight Cowboys. San Francisco: Self-Published Ethnography, 1989. Marotta, T. Snowballing Sex Workers. San Francisco: Self-Published Ethnography, 1991. Marotta, T. Doing Sex Work. Self-Published Ethnography, 1992. Martin, A.D., and Hetrick, E.S. The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescent. J Homosex 15:163-183, 1988. Maslow, A.H. Motivation and Personality. 2d ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1970. Miller, R., and Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Growing up biracial in the United States. In: Salett, E.P., and Koslow, D., eds. Race, Ethnicity, and Self Identity in Multicultural Perspective. Washington, DC: National Mutlicultural Institute Publications, 1994. Reid, H.; Rotheram-Borus, M.J.; Rosario, M.; and Gwadz, M. “Effectiveness of HIV Prevention with Homeless Youth Over Two Years.” Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin, June 1993. Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Therapeutic issues in assertiveness training. Psychol Q J Hum Behav 21(1):28-33, 1984. Rotheram-Borus, M.J. Ethnic differences in adolescents’ identity status and associated behavior problems. J Adolesc 12:361-374, 1989. Rotheram-Borus, M.J., and Tsemberis, S.J. The role of ethnicity in social competency training programs. In: Bond, L; Compass, B.; and Swift, C., eds. Prevention Research in the Schools. Fontana, CA: Sage Publications, 1989. pp. 297-3 18. 180
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
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Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
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HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
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during that time, and the possibili
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All of these issues and considerati
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ecoming the norm for both male and
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the skin on his penis while having
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REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
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Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
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Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
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transmission from males to females
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(this volume), there is little atte
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Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
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Female Drug Abusers and the Context
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have the data but interpret it supe
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important to examine current studie
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found in this study was low socioec
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who trade sex for crack; and simila
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esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
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Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
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The lack of rational thought separa
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Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
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Factors Associated With Poverty A n
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encouraging such women to leave the
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Hispanic women but extramarital aff
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coherence—the sense that life is
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the change agent may be a crucial f
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Centers for Disease Control and Pre
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Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
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O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
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with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
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found among both hustlers and call
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Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
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TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
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less than 2 percent of participants
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TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
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A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
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in mind, however, that most of the
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seropositivity and reported NMPD us
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interaction and education than men
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Geographic differences found in the
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that they are intending or desirous
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enough is known in general about th
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REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
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Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
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Trade hustlers are usually heterose
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TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
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diagnosed slightly more often than
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TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
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By the 100th interview, the screeni
Page 133 and 134: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
Page 135 and 136: Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
Page 137 and 138: HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
Page 139 and 140: AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
Page 141 and 142: comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
Page 143 and 144: 232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
Page 145 and 146: Although these data provide an over
Page 147 and 148: Most of these were unprotected sexu
Page 149 and 150: national epidemiologic survey of hi
Page 151 and 152: Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
Page 153 and 154: higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
Page 155 and 156: Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
Page 157 and 158: Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
Page 159 and 160: Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
Page 161 and 162: the types of intervention strategie
Page 163 and 164: from a study group of 52 youths who
Page 165 and 166: forearm during a sexual episode. At
Page 167 and 168: I was nice looking, like I can do a
Page 169 and 170: It is unclear whether the disinhibi
Page 171 and 172: continual sexual dysfunction was re
Page 173 and 174: TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
Page 175 and 176: highway of love. It’s like, I’d
Page 177 and 178: Unprotected sexual activity is more
Page 179 and 180: alternatives and opportunities, and
Page 181 and 182: the night and food for the morning.
Page 183: 7. also can help youths explore and
Page 187 and 188: AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
Page 189 and 190: Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
Page 191 and 192: permission-giving introductions to
Page 193 and 194: conversion and perhaps even serocon
Page 195 and 196: TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
Page 197 and 198: TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
Page 199 and 200: eliability. It seems obvious that q
Page 201 and 202: sometimes as many as three zip code
Page 203 and 204: Resources and effort are required t
Page 205 and 206: Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
Page 207 and 208: The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
Page 209 and 210: same meaning may be extended to dru
Page 211 and 212: THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
Page 213 and 214: hurried, and adequate needle cleani
Page 215 and 216: degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
Page 217 and 218: searched me and I had stashed the c
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
Page 221 and 222: Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
Page 223 and 224: Assessing the Reliability and Valid
Page 225 and 226: TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
Page 227 and 228: Table 2 shows percentage agreement
Page 229 and 230: FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
Page 231 and 232: cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
Page 233 and 234: TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
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aggravate self-presentation bias. T
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TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
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intercourse, and since anal interco
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Future Directions for Studies on th
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abusers, and other variables are ne
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Behavior patterns can be clarified
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As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
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strengths within a setting or indiv
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National Institute on While limited
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62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
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89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
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111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
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127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
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NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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