The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Portions of the research reported here were facilitated by grants 1-RO1-MH45238 and 5-U01-MH48013 from the National Institute of Mental Health. REFERENCES Airhihenbuwa, C.O.; DiClemente, R.J.; Wingood, G.M.; and Lowe, A. HIV/AIDS education and prevention among African-Americans: A focus on culture. AIDS Educ Prev 4:267-276, 1992. Amaro, H. Hispanic women and AIDS. Psychol of Women Q, 12:423- 443, 1988. Aral, S.O., and Holmes, K.K. Sexually transmitted diseases in the AIDS era. Sci Am 264:62-69, 1991. Bandura, A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Bandura, A. A social cognitive approach to the exercise of control over AIDS infection. In: DiClemente, R., ed. Adolescents and AIDS: A Generation in Jeopardy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1992. Brown, V.B., and Weissman, G. Women and men injection drug users: An updated look at gender differences and risk factors. In: Brown, B., and Beschner, G.M., eds. Handbook on Risk for AIDS: Injection Drug Users and Their Partners. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. pp. 173-194. Canino, G. The Hispanic woman: Sociocultural influences on diagnosis and treatment. In: Becerra, R.; Karno, M; and Escobar, J., eds. Mental Health of Hispanic Americans. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1982. Carrier, J.M. Mexican male bisexuality. In: Klein, F., and Wolf, T., eds. Bisexualities: Theory and Research. New York: Haworth, 1985. pp. 359-375. Catania, J.A.; Dolcini, M.M.; Coates, T.J.; Kegeles, S.M.; Greenblatt, R.M.; Puckett, S.; Corman, M.; and Miller, J. Predictors of condom use and multiple partnered sex among sexually-active adolescent women: Implications for AIDS-related health interventions. J Sex Res 26:514-524, 1989. Cates, W.; Stewart, F.H.; and Trussel, J. Commentary: The quest for women’s prophylactic methods-Hopes versus science. Am. J Pub Health 82:1479-1482, 1992. 75
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in female prostitutes. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 36:157-161, 1987. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1989. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Projections of the number of persons diagnosed with AIDS and the number of immunosuppressed HIV-infected persons: United States, 1992-1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41:1-11, 1992. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: United States, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42:547-557, 1993b. Chu, S.Y.; Buehler, J.W.; and Berkelman, R.L. Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of reproductive age, United States. JAMA 264:225-229, 1990. Cohen, J.B.; Alexander, P.; and Wofsy, C. Prostitutes and AIDS: Public policy issues. AIDS Pub Policy J 3:16-22, 1988. Corby, N.H., and Wolitski, R.J. “Relationship Between Street Sex Workers’ Attitudes and Condom Use by Type of Partner.” Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on AIDS/Third STD World Congress, Amsterdam, July 16-21, 1992. Corby, N.H.; Wolitski, R.J.; Thornton-Johnson, S.; and Tanner, W.M. AIDS knowledge, perception of risk, and behaviors among female sex partners of injection drug users. AIDS Educ Prev 3:353-366, 1991. De Bruyn, M. Women and AIDS in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 34:249-262, 1992. Ehrhardt, A.A. Trends in sexual behavior and the HIV pandemic. Am J Pub Health 82:1459-1461, 1992. El-Bassel, N., and Schilling, R.F. Fifteen-month followup of women methadone patients taught skills to reduce heterosexual HIV transmission. Pub Health Rep 107:500-504, 1992. Ellerbrock, T.V.; Bush, T.J.; Chamberland, M.E.; and Oxtoby, M.J. Epidemiology of women with AIDS in the United States, 1981-1990. JAMA 265:2971-2975, 1991. Fishbein, M., and Middlestadt, S. Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS-related behaviors. In: Mays, V.; Albee, G.; and Schenider, S., eds. Primary Prevention of AIDS: Psychological Approaches. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. pp. 93-110. 76
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
Page 29 and 30: Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
Page 31 and 32: HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
Page 33 and 34: during that time, and the possibili
Page 35 and 36: All of these issues and considerati
Page 37 and 38: ecoming the norm for both male and
Page 39 and 40: the skin on his penis while having
Page 41 and 42: REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
Page 43 and 44: Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
Page 45 and 46: Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
Page 47 and 48: transmission from males to females
Page 49 and 50: (this volume), there is little atte
Page 51 and 52: Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
Page 53 and 54: Female Drug Abusers and the Context
Page 55 and 56: have the data but interpret it supe
Page 57 and 58: important to examine current studie
Page 59 and 60: found in this study was low socioec
Page 61 and 62: who trade sex for crack; and simila
Page 63 and 64: esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
Page 65 and 66: Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
Page 67 and 68: The lack of rational thought separa
Page 69 and 70: Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
Page 71 and 72: Factors Associated With Poverty A n
Page 73 and 74: encouraging such women to leave the
Page 75 and 76: Hispanic women but extramarital aff
Page 77 and 78: coherence—the sense that life is
Page 79: the change agent may be a crucial f
Page 83 and 84: Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
Page 85 and 86: O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
Page 87 and 88: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
Page 89 and 90: with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
Page 91 and 92: found among both hustlers and call
Page 93 and 94: Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
Page 97 and 98: less than 2 percent of participants
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
Page 101 and 102: A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
Page 103 and 104: in mind, however, that most of the
Page 105 and 106: seropositivity and reported NMPD us
Page 107 and 108: interaction and education than men
Page 109 and 110: Geographic differences found in the
Page 111 and 112: that they are intending or desirous
Page 113 and 114: enough is known in general about th
Page 115 and 116: REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
Page 117 and 118: Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
Page 119 and 120: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
Page 121 and 122: prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
Page 123 and 124: Trade hustlers are usually heterose
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
Page 127 and 128: diagnosed slightly more often than
Page 129 and 130: TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
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By the 100th interview, the screeni
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
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Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
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HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
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AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
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comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
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232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
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Although these data provide an over
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Most of these were unprotected sexu
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national epidemiologic survey of hi
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Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
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higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
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Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
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Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
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Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
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the types of intervention strategie
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from a study group of 52 youths who
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forearm during a sexual episode. At
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I was nice looking, like I can do a
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It is unclear whether the disinhibi
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continual sexual dysfunction was re
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TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
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highway of love. It’s like, I’d
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Unprotected sexual activity is more
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alternatives and opportunities, and
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the night and food for the morning.
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7. also can help youths explore and
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Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
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AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
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Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
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permission-giving introductions to
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conversion and perhaps even serocon
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TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
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TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
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eliability. It seems obvious that q
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sometimes as many as three zip code
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Resources and effort are required t
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Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
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The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
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same meaning may be extended to dru
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THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
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hurried, and adequate needle cleani
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degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
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searched me and I had stashed the c
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REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
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Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
Page 223 and 224:
Assessing the Reliability and Valid
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TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
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Table 2 shows percentage agreement
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FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
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cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
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TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
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aggravate self-presentation bias. T
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TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
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intercourse, and since anal interco
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Future Directions for Studies on th
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abusers, and other variables are ne
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Behavior patterns can be clarified
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As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
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strengths within a setting or indiv
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National Institute on While limited
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62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
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89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
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111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
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127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
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NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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