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The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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3. Prevention Point, the large needle exchange program that began its<br />

exchanges in the Tenderloin, was not operating at the time, so there<br />

was no sudden availability <strong>of</strong> syringes.<br />

4. Shortly before <strong>and</strong> during the second survey there was an ongoing<br />

debate in the gay community, particularly in the gay press, about the<br />

safety <strong>of</strong> oral sex. Many believed that <strong>HIV</strong> could not be transmitted<br />

via oral sex, <strong>and</strong> this may have had some impact on call men’s<br />

attitudes <strong>and</strong> behaviors about condom use <strong>and</strong> oral sex.<br />

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Biernacki, P., <strong>and</strong> Waldorf, D. Snowball sampling: Problems <strong>and</strong><br />

techniques <strong>of</strong> chain referral sampling. Sociol Meth Res 10<br />

(2):141-163, 1981.<br />

Chaisson, M.A.; Lifson, A.R.; Stoneburner, R.L.; Ewing, W.;<br />

Hildebr<strong>and</strong>t, D.; <strong>and</strong> Jaffe, H.W. <strong>HIV</strong>-1 seroprevalence in male <strong>and</strong><br />

female prostitutes in New York City. Abstract. 6th International<br />

Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1988.<br />

Coutinho, R.A.; van Andel, R.L.M.; <strong>and</strong> Rysdyk, T.J. Role <strong>of</strong> male<br />

prostitutes in spread <strong>of</strong> sexually transmitted diseases <strong>and</strong> human<br />

immunodeficiency virus. [Letter] Genitourin Med 64:207-208, 1988.<br />

Darrow, W., <strong>and</strong> the Centers for Disease Control Collaborative Group for<br />

the Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>-1 in Selected Women. Prostitution, intravenous drug<br />

use, <strong>and</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>-1 in the United States. In: Plant, M., ed. AIDS, <strong>Drug</strong>s<br />

<strong>and</strong> Prostitution. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1990.<br />

Elifson, K.W.; Boles, J.; <strong>and</strong> Sweat, M. <strong>Risk</strong> factors associated with <strong>HIV</strong><br />

infection among male prostitutes. Am J Pub Health 83(1):79-83,<br />

1993a.<br />

Elifson, K.W.; Boles, J.; Posey, E.; Sweat, M.; Darrow, W.; <strong>and</strong><br />

Elsea, W. Male transvestite prostitutes <strong>and</strong> <strong>HIV</strong> risk. Am J Pub Health<br />

83(2), 1993b.<br />

Inciardi, J.A.; Pottieger, A.E.; Forney, M.A.; Chitwood, D.D.; <strong>and</strong><br />

McBride, D.C. Prostitution, IV drug use, <strong>and</strong> sex-for-crack exchanges<br />

among serious delinquents: <strong>Risk</strong>s for <strong>HIV</strong> infection. Criminology<br />

29(2):221-235, 1991.<br />

Morse, E.B.; Simon, P.M.; Os<strong>of</strong>sky, H.J.; Balson, P.M.; <strong>and</strong><br />

Gaumer, H.R. <strong>The</strong> male street prostitute: A vector for transmission <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>HIV</strong> infection into the heterosexual world. Soc Sci Med<br />

32(5):535-539, 1991.<br />

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