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Malaysia Water Research Journal Figure 1: The Skudai river and its tributaries 122 Figure 2: Land Use of Skudai Watershed Table 1: Characteristics of the study site Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) National Hydraulic Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Characteristics Malaysia Water Research Journal Value Annual Precipitation (mm) 2500 Channel Slope 1 : 204 Mean Temperature (⁰C) 27 Land Elevation (m) 0 to 500 m Under current usage, Skudai Watershed is divided into pervious and impervious land segments. Pervious and impervious land segments consist of forestland (3.83%), agricultural land (39.76%), urban/residential land (52.46%) and barren land (3.96%). THEORY AND CALCULATION HSPF is a comprehensive water quality model that is able to simulate complex hydrological processes in comparison to simple method used in Export Coefficient Models. HSPF is designed with three different routines which are Pervious Land Segments (PERLND), Impervious Land Segments (IMPLND) and Reach Segment Operations (RCHRES). In HSPF, PERLND is the module that simulates the water quality and quantity processes which occur on a pervious land segment. The primary module sections in PERLND simulate snow accumulation and melt, water budget, sediment produced by land surface erosion and water quality constituents by various methods. Modules in IMPLND are similar to the PERLND module. However, the IMPLND sections are less complex, since they contain no infiltration function and consequently no subsurface flows. The operation module used to simulate Channel Reaches (referred to as RCHRES in the HSPF model) contains separate sections of code to simulate hydraulic behavior, pH, temperature and other water quality related processes. HSPF/BASINS used spatial variability of Skudai watershed to divide the basin into many hydrologically homogeneous land segments and simulating runoff for each segments independently. The HSPF needs precipitation, temperature and estimation of potential evapotranspiration input data to perform hydrologic simulation. Hourly precipitation and temperature input data were collected from Senai International Airport monitored by Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD). Input data for potential evapotranspiration were estimated using maximum and minimum hourly temperature using Hamon PET equation (P. Hummel et al.,2001). These input data were disaggregated into hourly input data since the hydrological simulation was done using hourly time step. The HSPF model for the Skudai Watershed were calibrated from 5/11/2013 to 5/2/2014 and then validated from1/3/2012 to 15/5/2012. The watershed model was calibrated and validated at Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) gauge station at Kampung Pertanian, Kulai Johor. The flow data was obtained from rating curve and from Automatic Global (WL16) Water Level Data Logger (Global Water, 2014) at Kampung Pertanian. The Rating Curve Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) 123 National Hydraulic Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
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