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Malaysia Water Research Journal Figure 5. Plot of total head contours or equipotential lines. Figure 6. Flow net approximation 88 Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) National Hydraulic Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Malaysia Water Research Journal The permeability of embankment and foundation materials adopted in the design based on Angkasa Consulting Services S/B Consulting Engineers are as in Table 2. Only two main parameters were adopted in this simulation study. Three seepage measurement weirs are installed to facilitate the measurement of the seepage water through the dam embankment, only one of the chamber was used in this studied. The foundation and ground water at the abutments draining into the dam toe area (which is not significant in the case of Putrajaya main dam considering the abutment elevation is low. Material Table 2. Permeability of embankment and foundation materials Rock fill 1 x 10-2 Clay core 2 x 10-9 Shoulder Material 1 x 10-8 Sand fill 1 x 10-3 Organic soils and soft clay 1 x 10-8 Alluvial silty sand 1 x 10-7 Naturally occurring residual soils 1 x 10-8 Coefficient of Permeability (m/sec) Base on suggestion by Angkasa Consulting Services S/B, the maximum allowable seepage value at each seepage chamber estimated is 0.5 litre/ sec. This seepage measurement chambers comprise of a 900 V-notch weir, stick gauge (depth indicator) and basin. The objective of the V-notch weirs is to measure the amount of dam seepage water. Base on Angkasa Consulting Services S/B, seepage quantity is estimated using the following equation: where, Q = 1340 * H2.5 [1] Q is the flow, litres/sec. ‘H’ is the head of water upstream over the bottom of the V-notch, meter. The measured seepage rate will be compared against the permissible seepage rate by International Committee of Large Dam (ICOLD), which is 0.5 l/s (as suggested by Angkasa Consulting Services S/B) for each seepage chamber set by the dam designer for dam safety evaluation. The Table shows the seepage V-notch weir Conversion Table 3 and the dam cross section is shown in Figure 7. Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan Malaysia (NAHRIM) 89 National Hydraulic Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
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