atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 04.2019

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atw Vol. 64 (2019) | Issue 4 ı April FEATURE | MAJOR TRENDS IN ENERGY POLICY AND NUCLEAR POWER 192 | | Editorial Advisory Board Frank Apel Erik Baumann Dr. Erwin Fischer Carsten George Eckehard Göring Florian Gremme Dr. Ralf Güldner Carsten Haferkamp Christian Jurianz Dr. Guido Knott Prof. Dr. Marco K. Koch Ulf Kutscher Herbert Lenz Jan-Christan Lewitz Andreas Loeb Dr. Thomas Mull Dr. Ingo Neuhaus Dr. Joachim Ohnemus Prof. Dr. Winfried Petry Dr. Tatiana Salnikova Dr. Andreas Schaffrath Dr. Jens Schröder Norbert Schröder Prof. Dr. Jörg Starflinger Prof. Dr. Bruno Thomauske Dr. Brigitte Trolldenier Dr. Walter Tromm Dr. Hans-Georg Willschütz Dr. Hannes Wimmer Ernst Michael Züfle In countries with a high potential for using hydropower, in many cases this source of energy accounts for a high share of power generation. In Europe (data for 2017), this applies above all to Norway (96 %), Iceland (73 %), Austria (60 %), Switzerland (59 %) and Albania (100 %), in North America to Canada (57 %), in South America to Paraguay (100 %), Brazil (63 %), Colombia (76 %), Venezuela (65 %), Uruguay (59 %) and Peru (55 %), in Oceania to New Zealand (58 %) and in Asia to Laos, Nepal, Bhutan and North Korea. The world leader in the use of hydropower to generate electricity is China. In spite of this, the share of hydropower in the country’s total power generation was limited to 18 % in 2017. In Africa too, hydropower has a high share of power generation in some countries. This applies to Ethiopia (93 %) among others. The share of hydropower in Zambia and the Congo is more than 90 % and in Mozambique more than 80 %. Nevertheless, the total electricity generated by hydropower throughout the African continent in 2017 was 9 % lower than Norway’s hydropower-generated electricity. In some countries, geothermal energy also plays an important role in power generation. In absolute terms, the highest installed capacity based on geothermal energy (TOP 10) exists in the USA, Indonesia, the Philippines, Turkey, New Zealand, Mexico, Italy, Iceland, Kenya and Japan. As measured by the power generation of each country, the share of geothermal energy is above-average in Iceland at 27 % and in New Zealand at 17 %. In the case of bioenergies (solid, liquid and gaseous), Brazil tops the global rankings with an electricity generation capacity of 15 GW, followed by the USA (13 GW), China (11 GW), India (10 GW) and Germany (9 GW). The share of bioenergies in the electricity generation volume is above the global average of 2 % in countries such as Brazil (9 %) and Germany (7 %). Imprint | | Editorial Office Christopher Weßelmann (Editor in Chief) Im Tal 121, 45529 Hattingen, Germany Phone: +49 2324 4397723 Fax: +49 2324 4397724 E-mail: editorial@nucmag.com Martin Schneibel (Editor) INFORUM, Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 30 498555-43 Fax: +49 30 498555-18 E-Mail: martin.schneibel@nucmag.com | | Official Journal of Kerntechnische Gesellschaft e. V. (KTG) | | Publisher INFORUM Verlags- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 30 498555-30 Fax: +49 30 498555-18 www.nucmag.com | | General Manager Christian Wößner | | Advertising and Subscription Petra Dinter-Tumtzak Phone: +49 30 498555-30 Fax: +49 30 498555-18 E-mail: petra.dinter@nucmag.com | | Layout zi.zero Kommunikation Antje Zimmermann Berlin, Germany | | Printing inpuncto:asmuth druck + medien gmbh Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany Although the natural conditions play an important role in solar energy and wind power, the orientation of energy policy in the various countries, expressed by the intensity of government support, is even more decisive for the utilization ratio of these renewables. The most important example in this context is Germany. At the end of 2017, Germany ranked third in terms of installed wind turbine capacity, third only behind China and the USA, and fourth in terms of solar energy, behind China, Japan and the USA. As measured by the power generation volume, the share of wind and solar in Germany was 23 % in 2017, compared to a global average of 6 % and despite the fact that Germany is not one of the most favored locations in the world in terms of natural conditions. With regard to wind power, this applies more to a country such as Denmark. In 2017, around half of the electricity generated there was provided on the basis of wind power. [1] Political decisions are key drivers for the intensity of nuclear power use for power generation. France, for example, puts its faith in nuclear power after the first oil price crisis in 1973. In 2017, nuclear power accounted for 72 % of total power generation there. In absolute terms, the USA is currently the leader in the use of nuclear power. In 2017, twice as much electricity was generated from nuclear power there as in France. However, at 20 % the share of nuclear power in the USA is considerably lower than in France. Nuclear power accounts for double the share in Sweden compared to the USA. In the Ukraine this is 54 % and in Belgium 49 %. Countries such as Germany and Japan, backed by the government energy policy, also relied heavily on nuclear power in the past. In both countries, nuclear power accounted for just under one third of power generation at times. After the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan suspended the power generation of all nuclear reactors for mandatory safety | | Price List for Advertisement Valid as of 1 January 2019 Published monthly, 9 issues per year Germany: Per issue/copy (incl. VAT, excl. postage) 24.- € Annual subscription (incl. VAT and postage) 187.- € All EU member states without VAT number: Per issue/copy (incl. VAT, excl. postage) 24.- € Annual subscription (incl. VAT, excl. postage) 187.- € EU member states with VAT number and all other countries: Per issues/copy (no VAT, excl. postage) 22.43 € Annual subscription (no VAT, excl. postage) 174.77 € | | Copyright The journal and all papers and photos contained in it are protected by copyright. Any use made thereof outside the Copyright Act without the consent of the publisher, INFORUM Verlags- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH, is prohibited. This applies to reproductions, translations, micro filming and the input and incorporation into electronic systems. The individual author is held responsible for the contents of the respective paper. Please address letters and manuscripts only to the Editorial Staff and not to individual persons of the association´s staff. We do not assume any responsibility for unrequested contributions. Signed articles do not necessarily represent the views of the editorial. ISSN 1431-5254 Feature The Role of Resources and Reserves for the Global Energy Supply ı Hans-Wilhelm Schiffer
atw Vol. 64 (2019) | Issue 4 ı April inspections and retrofits with the result that no nuclearenergy-based electricity generation took place there between September 2013 and August 2015. In 2018, additional five nuclear power plants in Japan that had been shut down after the Fukushima reactor accident were restarted. This means that nine nuclear power plants with a capacity of 8.7 GW are now in operation again. [2] After the Fukushima reactor accident, the seven oldest nuclear power plant units and the Krümmel nuclear power plant in Germany were deprived of further operating permits. Accordingly, the commercial operation of these eight facilities came to an end at the beginning of August 2011. For the remaining nine German nuclear power plants, a staggered exit plan was envisaged, which had been implemented in a legally binding manner by the Thirteenth Law amending the Atomic Energy Act of 31 July 2011. Two of the nine plants mentioned are now decommissioned. The remaining seven nuclear power plant units will gradually be shut down for good by the end of 2022. [3] With a share of 38 %, coal is still the world’s most important source of energy for power generation. The share of coal in power generation in countries that have economically recoverable deposits is disproportionately high. This applies, among others, to South Africa (88 %), Poland (78 %), India (76 %), China (67 %) and Australia (62 %). But even in Germany (38 %) and in the USA (31 %), coal was significantly involved in power generation in 2017. For economic reasons, the share of coal in power generation has fallen in the USA in recent years. This is explained by the increased use of shale gas. In 2017, natural gas accounted for 31 % of power generation in the USA, the same share as coal. The situation in Germany is different. Despite the economic viability of coal (lignite and imported hard coal), a politically imposed complete phase-out of coal-fired power generation is envisaged by 2038 at the latest in order to help meet the national greenhouse gas reduction targets. [4] With a share of 23 %, natural gas was the second-most important energy source for power generation in 2017. In this case as well, a disproportionately high share of this energy source is characteristic of power generation in countries that have large natural gas reserves. This applies especially to the Gulf States. The share of natural gas in power generation in Iran was 81 % in 2017, and even more in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain at 95 %. In Saudi Arabia it was still 59 % in 2017. In the Caspian countries, such as Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan, natural gas accounts for a share of 75 % and more. Shares of more than 60 % and sometimes significantly higher are identified for Libya, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Nigeria. In South America, Bolivia is the country with the largest share of natural gas in power generation (around 75 %). Around half of power generation in Argentina is based on the use of natural gas. But even in some European countries with larger natural gas reserves, such as Russia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, in 2017 the share of natural gas in power generation was disproportionately high at 49 % (Russia), 48 % (Netherlands) and 40 % ( United Kingdom). In Japan, a country that has practically no fossil fuel resources of its own, the share of natural gas (imported LNG) in power generation increased to 39 % in 2017 due to the nuclear power situation. In the USA, due to the shale gas boom, natural gas is on a par with coal, accounting for 31 % of power generation. On average, oil now accounts for only 4 % of power generation worldwide. However, in the Gulf States oil is one of the most important generation sources. This applies to Saudi Arabia (41 %) and even more so to Kuwait and Iraq with oil shares of around two thirds. In Libya, around a third of power generation is still oil based. Prospects for power generation by energy sources Unlike in previous decades, the renewable energies will cover much of the expected further growth in electricity demand. This cannot be explained by any limitations in reserves and resources of fossil fuels. Reserves and especially resources are abundant. This applies above all to coal, but also to natural gas and oil (Figures 4 to 9). Improved extraction technologies and higher prices on global markets have even increased the static range of reserves, defined as reserves in relation to the current global annual production | | Fig. 4. Reserves and resources of non-renewable energy sources. | | Fig. 5. Worldwide supply of non-renewable energy sources in billion (10 9 ) tce. | | Fig. 6. Reserves and resources of non-renewable energy sources in billion (10 9 ) tce. FEATURE | MAJOR TRENDS IN ENERGY POLICY AND NUCLEAR POWER 193 Feature The Role of Resources and Reserves for the Global Energy Supply ı Hans-Wilhelm Schiffer
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