VGB POWERTECH 10 (2020) - International Journal for Generation and Storage of Electricity and Heat

VGB PowerTech 10 l 2020
Developments in CCP management in Europe
14.4 %
Natural gas
9.80 %
Crude oil
1.7 %
Other
28.6 %
Nuclear energy
In 15 of the 28 EU Member States an expansion
in of primary energy production
during the past 11 years to 2016 was recorded.
The largest expansion in the production
was registered in Italy (an increase
of 3.7 Mtoe), followed by Spain (2.8 Mtoe),
Ireland (2.5 Mtoe), Austria (2.4 Mtoe), and
Sweden (2.3 Mtoe). By contrast, the production
of primary energy in the United
Kingdom fell by as much as 66.0 Mtoe,
while Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark
and Poland also reported contractions in
excess of 10 Mtoe. [4]
17.4 %
Solid fuels
Click to enlarge
Fig. 1. Share of EU energy production by source in 2016 [3].
27.8 %
Renewable energy
Impacts by energy strategies
In December 2008, the European Parliament
and the Council agreed upon the socalled
“Climate and Energy Package”,
which entered into force in 2009 [5]. The
legislative package put in place what is col-
is well established in some European countries,
based on long-term experience and
on technical as well as on environmental
benefits, they are part of regular production
and therefore requested on a regular
base. Availability is becoming a major
problem in some member states and the
management of CCPs meeting market
needs is a major task for power producers
and marketers.
Energy production in Europe
2006 = 100, based on
tonnes of oil equivalent
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
The European energy production is spread
across a range of different energy sources:
solid fuels (largely coal), natural gas, crude
oil, nuclear energy and renewable energy
(such as hydro, wind and solar energy).
In 2018, the largest contributing to energy
production was by nuclear (29 %) followed
by renewables (28 %) and solid fuels
(17 %), natural gas (14 %) and crude oil
(10 %) (see F i g u r e 1 ).
However, the production of energy is very
different from one Member State to another.
The significance of nuclear energy is
particularly high in France (80 % of total
national energy production), Belgium
(75 %) and Slovakia (62 %). Renewable
energy is the main source of energy produced
in a number of Member States, with
over 90 % (of the energy produced within
the country) in Malta, Latvia, Portugal, Cyprus
and Lithuania. Solid fuels have the
highest importance in Poland (78 %), Estonia
(67 %), Greece and Czechia (both
59 %), while natural gas is the main source
of energy produced in the Netherlands
(83 %). Crude oil is the major source of energy
produced in Denmark (47 %) and the
United Kingdom (41 %). [3]
The development of primary energy production
by source is given in F i g u r e 2 .
Only the renewable energy showed a uniform
increased by 66.5 %, replacing, to
some degree, the production of other
sources of energy. By contrast, the production
levels for the other sources fell, the
largest reductions being recorded for natural
gas (-41.2 %), crude oil (-39.0 %) and
solid fuels (-30.8 %), with a more modest
fall of 15.2 % for nuclear energy.
In 2016, the production of primary energy
in the EU-28 member states totalled 755
million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) (see
Ta b l e 1 ). This was a bit lower than in
2015 and continued the generally downward
development observed over the past
years following the relatively strong decrease
after the global financial and economic
crisis in 2008. The general downward
development of EU-28 primary energy
production may, at least in part, be
attributed to supplies of raw materials becoming
exhausted and/or producers considering
the exploitation of limited resources
uneconomical. [4]
According [4], the highest share of production
by solid fuels in 2016 was in East-European
countries: Kosovo (81 %), Poland
(78 %), Bosnia-Herzegowina (74 %), Serbia
(68 %) and Estonia (67). Countries
with production between 50 and 60 % are
Czech Republic and Greece followed by
Bulgaria (45 %). In West-European countries
the production in Germany was down
to 34 % and in Spain down to 2 %.
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total production Renewable energy Nuclear energy Solid fuels Natural gas Crude oil
Fig. 2. Development of production of primary energy in EU 28 by source [4].
2015
2016
lectively known as the EU-20-20-20 targets
to be met by 2020:
––
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
of at least 20 % below 1990 level,
––
Increasing the share of renewable energy
to 20 % , and
––
Improving the EU’s energy efficiency by
20 %.
With this package additional legislation
was installed for promotion of the use of
renewable energy (RES), geological storage
of carbon dioxide and a revised Trading
Scheme for greenhouse gases (GHG).
From 2013, the system for allocating emission
allowances changed significantly compared
to the two previous trading periods
(2005 to 2012). At first, the emission allowances
were distributed according to
fully harmonized and EU-wide rules. At
second, auctioning became rule for the
power industry, i.e. the allowances will not
be allocated for free any longer. In 2013,
over 40 % of the allowances were auctioned.
Over the period 2013 to 2020, the
share auctioned will be higher: it is estimated
that up to half of the allowances
may be auctioned [6]. With the auctioning
the polluter pays principle is practised resulting
in higher cost for power production
by coal.
35