- Page 2 and 3: LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
- Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
- Page 6 and 7: CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
- Page 8 and 9: PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
- Page 10 and 11: exercises interspersed throughout t
- Page 12 and 13: Supplements(available for download
- Page 16 and 17: Setting the Stagefor Learning about
- Page 18 and 19: EXERCISE 1.1Submergence Rate along
- Page 20 and 21: STEP 1 Observe an Earth feature or
- Page 22 and 23: FIGURE 1.3 The Earth System.The atm
- Page 24 and 25: EXERCISE 1.3Name:Course:Selected Fl
- Page 26 and 27: 1.2.4 Temperatures and Pressures in
- Page 28 and 29: than a change of 1°F (180°/100°)
- Page 30 and 31: ■ Rotation: The Earth rotates abo
- Page 32 and 33: velocity (continents moving at 2 cm
- Page 34 and 35: EXERCISE 1.8Making Scaled-Down Maps
- Page 36 and 37: To help visualize the billions of y
- Page 38 and 39: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 1Scaling Geologic
- Page 40 and 41: The Way the EarthWorks: ExaminingPl
- Page 42 and 43: ■ Continental lithosphere is thic
- Page 44 and 45: FIGURE 2.3 The fit of South America
- Page 46 and 47: EXERCISE 2.2Name:Course:Interpretat
- Page 48 and 49: EXERCISE 2.3Putting the Early Evide
- Page 50 and 51: strength, resulting in an observed
- Page 52 and 53: 2.5 Processes at Plate Boundaries R
- Page 54 and 55: EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two Ridges (c
- Page 56 and 57: EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
- Page 58 and 59: EXERCISE 2.9Estimating the Steepnes
- Page 60 and 61: EXERCISE 2.10Name:Course:Estimating
- Page 62 and 63: detected by underwater oceanographi
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EXERCISE 2.12Long-Term Movement of
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EXERCISE 2.13Why Are There More Ear
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Minerals3Giant gypsum crystals in t
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EXERCISE 3.1Classifying Earth Mater
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EXERCISE 3.2Is It a Mineral or a Ro
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FIGURE 3.2 Color and streak.(a) Red
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FIGURE 3.3 Testing for hardness.(a)
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Fracture occurs when there are no z
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EXERCISE 3.5Recognizing Breakage in
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most familiar. Identifying unknown
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3.7.1 What Makes Minerals Valuable?
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FIGURE 3.9 Value of U.S. mineral mi
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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APPENDIX 3.1In these appendices, we
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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Minerals, Rocks,4and the Rock Cycle
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EXERCISE 4.1Settings in Which Rocks
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TABLE 4.1 Common grain size termino
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FIGURE 4.4 Grain relationships.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.3Name:Course:Understandi
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TABLE 4.2 Occurrence of common rock
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EXERCISE 4.5Identifying Minerals in
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EXERCISE 4.6Igneous, Sedimentary, o
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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Using Igneous Rocksto Interpret Ear
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EXERCISE 5.1A First Look at Igneous
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FIGURE 5.2 Grain sizes in light-col
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EXERCISE 5.4Interpreting Porphyriti
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FIGURE 5.6 Fragmental (pyroclastic)
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EXERCISE 5.6Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.7 Classification of igneou
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points melt first, whereas others r
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5.4.3 Factors Controlling Magma Com
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5.5 Igneous Rocks and Plate Tectoni
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EXERCISE 5.11Origin of Intermediate
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FIGURE 5.11 The four major types of
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FIGURE 5.13 Impacts of stratovolcan
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TABLE 5.4 USGS Volcanic Explosivity
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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Using SedimentaryRocks to Interpret
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FIGURE 6.1 Physical weathering of c
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EXERCISE 6.1Looking at Weathering P
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TABLE 6.1Classification of clastic
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FIGURE 6.4 Textures of chemical sed
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of coal based on the proportion of
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(a) If the rock is clastic, determi
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Exercise 6.3 will help you practice
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6.5.2 Grain ShapeClast shape is a c
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6.5.4 Cements in Clastic RocksThe m
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FIGURE 6.11 Ripple marks.Steep side
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EXERCISE 6.9Gaining Insight into De
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 6Interpreting Dep
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InterpretingMetamorphicRocks7This b
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7.2.2 Changes in MineralogyThe orig
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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EXERCISE 7.1Name:Course:Responses t
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can reveal aspects of its history,
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TABLE 7.1 Metamorphic rock classifi
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FIGURE 7.8 Varieties of quartzite.(
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EXERCISE 7.3Identifying the Protoli
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in the lower regions of the faults,
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■ Metamorphic index minerals: Som
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 7Investigating Me
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Studying the Earth’sLandforms: Ma
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FIGURE 8.1 An area in eastern Maine
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FIGURE 8.2 Three common map project
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same angular distance east or west
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FIGURE 8.4 The Public Land Survey S
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FIGURE 8.6 UTM zones for the 48 con
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FIGURE 8.8 Using the azimuth method
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How does this variation affect our
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FIGURE 8.11 Three common graphical
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FIGURE 8.12 Digital elevation model
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14781403130012001400 0140013 130012
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FIGURE 9.2 Topographic maps of Hawa
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66116006007006008009007005007004004
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9.3.2 Contour Lines and ElevationTo
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EXERCISE 9.2Name:Course:Determining
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EXERCISE 9.5Making a Topographic Ma
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.10 Setting up and completi
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EXERCISE 9.7Your First Job as a Geo
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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FIGURE 10.2 Geology of Sheep Mounta
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FIGURE 10.3 Strike and dip show the
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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10.3.2 Block Diagrams of Simple Fol
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EXERCISE 10.6Basins and DomesName:C
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EXERCISE 10.7Faulted Strata on a Bl
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EXERCISE 10.8Name:Course:Interpreti
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EXERCISE 10.10Completing Block Diag
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Let’s begin our discussion of geo
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FIGURE 10.11 Constructing a cross s
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FIGURE 10.12 Patterns of plunging f
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EXERCISE 10.14Name:Course:Horizonta
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EXERCISE 10.15Name:Course:Interpret
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FIGURE 10.14 Geologic map of part o
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EXERCISE 10.17The Grand Canyon in A
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EXERCISE 10.19Practical Application
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Earthquakes and11SeismologyEarthqua
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There are two kinds of body waves,
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EXERCISE 11.1When the Ground Shakes
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EXERCISE 11.2Name:Course:The Logic
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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Seismograms for Exercise 11.4 (cont
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.6Locating Epicenters of
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 11Predicting Eart
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Interpreting GeologicHistory: WhatH
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FIGURE 12.1 Original horizontality
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EXERCISE 12.2Name:Course:Relative A
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FIGURE 12.4 Features that indicate
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12.2.5 Unconformities: Evidence for
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EXERCISE 12.5Deciphering Geologic H
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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eras within the Phanerozoic Eon rev
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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TABLE 12.1 Geologically important r
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
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EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 12Interpreting Ge
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Learn how str
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FIGURE 13.2 Longitudinal stream pro
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41004200BM3877A3900FIGURE 13.4 Part
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FIGURE 13.6 Casino Lakes, Idaho (7.
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FIGURE 13.7 Evolution of stream val
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elevation all along its profile. Ov
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16001800FIGURE 13.10 Meadow River,
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FIGURE 13.12 The development of wat
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drainage patterns occur where there
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13.6 Changes in Stream-Created Land
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50505050505050BIG THICKETNATIONAL P
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90090080010BOWEN700C R E E K900ROAD
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50004901434349454800FIGURE 13.21 In
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EXERCISE 13.8The Origin of Incised
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FIGURE 13.23 Effects of the June 9,
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750FIGURE 13.24 Topographic map (to
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 13Visualizing Dyn
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.2Name:Course:The Differ
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FIGURE 14.3 Groundwater deposition
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EXERCISE 14.3Karst Topography (cont
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EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
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FIGURE 14.8 Groundwater irrigation
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EXERCISE 14.5Karst Hazards (continu
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EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
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EXERCISE 14.8Environmental Issue 2:
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 14Dissolving a La
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Learn how g
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FIGURE 15.3 Till and outwash.(a) Ti
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EXERCISE 15.2Name:Course:Comparison
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600700600121FIGURE 15.5 Portion of
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EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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1100CO ROAD B1100FIGURE 15.8 Compar
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EXERCISE 15.5DrumlinsName:Course:Se
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RIVERTunnels may form at the base o
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FIGURE 15.12 Glacialmodification of
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EXERCISE 15.6Recognizing Features o
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15.5 Glaciers and Climate ChangeInt
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EXERCISE 15.8Measuring the Retreat
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APPENDIX 15.1Glossary of Glacial La
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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EXERCISE 16.1Name:Course:Comparing
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FIGURE 16.3 Stages in the evolution
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INYO COSAN BERNARDINO COFIGURE 16.4
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018002200D u n e s-400190FIGURE 16.
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A M A R G O S A R A N GE4000C a n y
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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Dunes are the major depositional la
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SHERIDAN COGARDEN CO250227Big Hill4
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EXERCISE 16.4Name:Course:Interpreti
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 16Using Landforms
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Recognize t
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FIGURE 17.2 Beach sand comes in man
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FIGURE 17.3 Tidal range at Mont-Sai
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EXERCISE 17.3Effects of Plate-Tecto
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Half MoonBay1200400600M c G o v e r
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EXERCISE 17.5Name:Course:Measuring
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FIGURE 17.8 Mechanics of wave actio
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Similarly, oblique waves generate c
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FIGURE 17.13 Coastal-blufferosion c
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600400LittleSurRiver120038040060080
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EXERCISE 17.8Interpreting Depositio
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P oATLANTIC OCEANP o in tProvinceto
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FIGURE 17.19 Examples of seawall co
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EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
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FIGURE 17.23 Potential effects of s
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FIGURE 17.25 Wind damage from the 2
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EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
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EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
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FIGURE 17.28 Damage from tsunamis g
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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Looking to the Future:How Will Huma
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in all five Earth System components
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EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
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EXERCISE 18.2Name:Course:Short-Term
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FIGURE 18.3 Interactions of electro
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FIGURE 18.7 Changes in temperature
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EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
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FIGURE 18.9 Estimated number of peo
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FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
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FIGURE 18.12 Extinctions during the
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EXERCISE 18.5Elbow Room? (continued
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FIGURE 18.15 Local (left) and large
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EXERCISE 18.7Planning for the Futur
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CREDITSLine Art PermissionsFigure 1
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Chapter 16Page 409: Courtesy of All
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Ludman-MarshakGeologic Tool Kit1:24