Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst topography nearMammoth Cave in Kentucky.W o o l s e y0 0.25 0.5 mileV a l l e y7000 0.25 0.5 kmContour interval = 10 feetN650MAMMOTH CAVENATIONAL PARKC e d a r700800650650S p r i n g V a l l e y750650750700800600750750CHURCHROAD750CHAUMOUNT ROAD650650700800750CEDARHILL850650750700600650850750600650700550500650600T H E K N O B S800700700CHAUMOUNT ROAD650T H E K N OB S60075080070065060055060060031W600
EXERCISE 14.3Karst Topography (continued)Name:Course:Section:Date:(e) Describe the topography in the northern three-quarters of the map. What karst feature is represented by TheKnobs? What feature is represented by Woolsey Valley?(f) Karst features are found throughout the map, but have a different appearance in the southernmost quarter than inthe north. Describe the differences and suggest a possible explanation.(g) Some of the sinkholes in the southernmost quarter contain lakes, but others are dry. Suggest an explanation forthe difference. Hint: Determine the elevation of each lake in a sinkhole and write it on the lake. Compare theseelevations with those of the bottoms of the sinkholes that do not have lakes.14.4 The Water TableLook ahead at Figure 14.9 in Exercise 14.5, a topographic map showing a karstarea in northern Florida in which sinkholes are filled with water. The level of waterin the lakes in Figure 14.9 is controlled by a feature called the water table. Gravity370 CHAPTER 14 GROUNDWATER AS A LANDSCAPE FORMER AND RESOURCE
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LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
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CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
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CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
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PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
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exercises interspersed throughout t
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Supplements(available for download
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
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One way to obtain more data would b
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TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
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EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
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EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
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1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
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FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
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FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
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MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
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FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
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EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
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APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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plate between two continents, conti
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FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
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More clues soon came from seismolog
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FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
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FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
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EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
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EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
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Even without any earthquake informa
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EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
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2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
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EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
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FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
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FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
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EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
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EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
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EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
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More sophisticated grid systems are
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EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
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EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
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EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
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But which north is north? No, this
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e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
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8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
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this information on the most recent
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FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
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250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
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9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
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FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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Interpreting GeologicStructures on
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of structures on the ground (the ma
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EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
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FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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is not the same as that of the beds
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EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
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FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
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EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
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EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
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FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
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10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
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FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
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EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
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S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
Page 339 and 340: EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
Page 341 and 342: EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
Page 344 and 345: Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
Page 346 and 347: EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
Page 348 and 349: EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
Page 350 and 351: RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
Page 352 and 353: EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
Page 354 and 355: FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
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Page 360 and 361: FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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Page 364 and 365: EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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Page 368 and 369: 13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
Page 370 and 371: EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
Page 372 and 373: 13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
Page 374 and 375: EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
Page 376 and 377: 13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
Page 382 and 383: Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
Page 384 and 385: EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
Page 386 and 387: EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
Page 388 and 389: FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
Page 392 and 393: FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
Page 394 and 395: EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
Page 396 and 397: 100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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Page 400 and 401: EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
Page 402 and 403: EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
Page 404 and 405: Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
Page 406 and 407: FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
Page 408 and 409: EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
Page 410 and 411: EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
Page 412 and 413: 15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
Page 414 and 415: EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
Page 416 and 417: 900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
Page 418 and 419: 450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
Page 420 and 421: 15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
Page 422 and 423: The base level for a tributary stre
Page 424 and 425: 3700380036003900Northwest BasinLake
Page 426 and 427: FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
Page 428 and 429: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
Page 430 and 431: GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 432 and 433: GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 434 and 435: Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
Page 436 and 437: FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
Page 438 and 439: 16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
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16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
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85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
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FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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400040004000L o w e V a l l e y4100
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FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
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FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
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EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
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17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
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1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
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EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
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FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake
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17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
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FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
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EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
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17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
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EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
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FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
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FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
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EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
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FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
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EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
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FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
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EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
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EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
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EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
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Weather describes atmospheric condi
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FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
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EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
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FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
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FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
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EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
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FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
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FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
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EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
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Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
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270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
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Align with northern latitude tick m
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