Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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FIGURE 18.9 Estimated number of people (in millions) whose homes would be belowsea level if global temperatures rose by 2° to 4°, for the ten countries that would have thegreatest number of residents affected.China64145India5520Bangladesh4812Vietnam2646Indonesia1644Japan1834United States1225Philippines207Egypt1994°C 2°CBrazil9160 30 60 90 120 150Population (in millions)Chapter 17 examined effects of sea-level rise at the regional level. Here, we lookmore closely at what individual areas are facing. The United Nations estimates that40% of the world’s population (~3.0 billion people!) lives within 100 km of a coast.The goal of current international climate change treaties is to limit global warmingto 2°C—half the temperature increase that is predicted to occur if no actionsare taken—by cutting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. But even a 2°Cincrease will cause enormous damage, as some island nations in the Indian andPacific oceans will disappear entirely in the near future, like the Maldives in theIndian Ocean, whose highest elevation is only 8 feet above sea level.At this point, little can be done to protect those nations. Large parts of othercountries will be flooded, including Qatar, several Caribbean nations, and the Netherlands,where many areas already below sea level are habitable only because of anextensive and expensive system of dikes and seawalls. The countries with the largestpopulations living in areas that will fall below sea level are shown in FIGURE 18.9.The cost of relocating the threatened populations in those nations is almost inconceivablylarge.Closer to home, NOAA estimates that 39% of the U.S. population (126 millionpeople) lives in coastal counties that are vulnerable to sea-level rise. Twenty-onesmall U.S. coastal towns have already had to be relocated—five in low-lying areas ofLouisiana and Washington and twelve in Alaska—at a cost of hundreds of millionsof dollars. These were small communities; how much would it cost if major U.S.coastal cities had to be abandoned? FIGURE 18.10 dramatically shows projected sealevelrise scenarios for five large U.S. coastal cities (see also Fig. 17.23 for projectedsea-level rise in New Orleans, Louisiana). The 5-foot rise is predicted to occur within100–200 years, depending on the rate of global warming. The 12-foot estimate isfor the year 2300 and assumes that all nations initiate moderate greenhouse gascontrols.Exercise 18.4 looks at the numbers of people who would be affected by sea-levelrise in the U.S. coastal cities shown in Figure 18.10.18.2.5 Changes in the BiosphereThe biosphere must evolve to adapt to the changes in the atmosphere, cryosphere,and hydrosphere we’ve discussed above. Whether or not organisms can survivethose changes depends on how rapidly they can adjust to the changing conditions;18.2 CHANGES IN THE EARTH SYSTEM485
FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level scenarios for five selected U.S. coastal cities.0 6 miles0 6 miles0 6 milesNewYorkCityNewYorkCityNewYorkCityCurrent sea level5-foot sea-level riseArea flooded: 7%12-foot sea-level riseArea flooded: 22%0 4 miles0 4 miles0 4 milesMiamiMiamiBeachMiamiMiamiBeachMiamiMiamiBeachCurrent sea level5-foot sea-level riseArea flooded (Miami): 20%Area flooded (Miami Beach): 94%12-foot sea-level riseArea flooded (Miami): 73%Area flooded (Miami Beach): 100%0 10 miles0 10 miles0 10 milesHoustonHoustonHoustonGalvestonGalvestonGalvestonCurrent sea level5-foot sea-level riseArea flooded (Houston): 0%Area flooded (Galveston): 68%12-foot sea-level riseArea flooded (Houston): 1%Area flooded (Galveston): 97%(continued )486 CHAPTER 18 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
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LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
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CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
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CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
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PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
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exercises interspersed throughout t
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Supplements(available for download
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
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One way to obtain more data would b
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TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
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EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
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EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
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1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
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FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
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FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
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MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
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FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
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EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
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APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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plate between two continents, conti
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FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
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More clues soon came from seismolog
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FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
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FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
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EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
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EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
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Even without any earthquake informa
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EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
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2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
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EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
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FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
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FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
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EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
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EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
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EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
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More sophisticated grid systems are
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EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
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EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
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EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
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But which north is north? No, this
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e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
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8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
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this information on the most recent
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FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
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250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
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9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
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FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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Interpreting GeologicStructures on
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of structures on the ground (the ma
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EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
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FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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is not the same as that of the beds
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EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
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FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
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EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
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EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
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FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
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10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
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FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
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EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
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S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
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EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
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Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
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EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
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ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
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1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
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FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
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EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
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13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
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EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
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13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
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EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
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13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
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Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
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FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
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60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst top
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FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
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EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
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100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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4400B a l d r i d g e C a n y o n42
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EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
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EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
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Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
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FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
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EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
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EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
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15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
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EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
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450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
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15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
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The base level for a tributary stre
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3700380036003900Northwest BasinLake
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FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
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FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
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16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
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16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
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85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
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FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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400040004000L o w e V a l l e y4100
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FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
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Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
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FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
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EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
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Page 476 and 477: EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
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Page 482 and 483: FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
Page 484 and 485: FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
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Page 488 and 489: FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
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Page 492 and 493: FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
Page 494 and 495: EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
Page 496: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
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Page 501 and 502: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
Page 503 and 504: EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
Page 505 and 506: EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
Page 507 and 508: Weather describes atmospheric condi
Page 509 and 510: FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
Page 511 and 512: EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
Page 513: FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
Page 517 and 518: EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
Page 519 and 520: FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
Page 521 and 522: FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
Page 523 and 524: EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
Page 525 and 526: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
Page 527 and 528: Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
Page 530 and 531: 270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
Page 532: Align with northern latitude tick m
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