Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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FIGURE 9.10 Setting up and completing the profile.85085010001050105010007505005007507501200’1100’1000’900’800’700’600’500’400’300’StreamStream600550600HilltopHilltop900600Elevation (feet)positions on the graph sheet. Place a dot where each contour line mark onthe strip intersects the corresponding elevation line on the graph sheet (seeFig. 9.10).STEP 5: Connect the dots, using what you know about contour lines to estimate theelevations at the tops of hills and bottoms of stream valleys along the line ofprofile (see Fig. 9.10).9.5.2 Choosing the Vertical ScaleThe horizontal scale of a profile must be the same as that of the topographic mapit is made from, but care must be taken in choosing the vertical scale so that theprofile will be a reasonable representation of the area. Recall from Chapter 8 thatchoosing an inappropriate vertical scale can make a mountain look like an anthillor an anthill look like Mt. Everest.When the horizontal (map) and vertical (profile) scales are the same,the profile will be a ratio of the actual height and width of the topography.But landforms, even mountains, are much wider than they are high. At avertical scale of 1:62,500, a mountain one mile high will be one inch tall butseveral inches across. A 500-foot high hill would be a tenth of an inch high ina profile.We therefore use vertical scales that exaggerate the vertical dimension withrespect to the horizontal, in order for hills to look like hills and mountains to looklike mountains. FIGURE 9.11 shows three profiles drawn from the same DEM, butusing different vertical scales, to illustrate how much difference vertical exaggerationcan make.To find out how much a profile exaggerates the topography, we need to knowthe vertical scale used in profiling. To determine the vertical scale of the sampleprofile in Figure 9.10, we first measure the vertical dimension with a ruler; thisshows that 1 vertical inch on the profile represents nearly 900 feet of elevation, aproportional scale of 1:10,800 (900 ft 3 12 in. per foot 5 10,800 in.). To calculatevertical exaggeration, we divide the map proportional scale by the profile proportionalscale:Vertical exaggeration 5map scaleprofile scale 5 62,50010,800 5 5.839.5 TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES231
FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical exaggeration on topographicprofiles.BA(a) DEM of Hanging Rock Canyon quadrangle, California, showing a line ofprofile (A–B).Vertical exaggeration = 1× B mAVertical exaggeration = 3×BmAVertical exaggeration = 8.7×mBA(b) Topographic profiles along the line of profile drawn with different verticalscales. Note that the horizontal scale is the same in all three profiles. Only thevertical exaggeration changes.232 CHAPTER 9 WORKING WITH TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
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LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
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CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
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CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
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PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
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exercises interspersed throughout t
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Supplements(available for download
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
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One way to obtain more data would b
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TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
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EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
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EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
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1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
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FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
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FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
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MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
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FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
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EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
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APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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plate between two continents, conti
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FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
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More clues soon came from seismolog
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FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
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FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
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EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
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EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
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Even without any earthquake informa
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EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
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2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
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EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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Page 201 and 202: EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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Page 205 and 206: EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
Page 207 and 208: EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
Page 209 and 210: Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Page 213 and 214: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
Page 215 and 216: EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
Page 217 and 218: More sophisticated grid systems are
Page 219 and 220: EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
Page 221 and 222: EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
Page 223 and 224: EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
Page 225 and 226: But which north is north? No, this
Page 227 and 228: e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
Page 229 and 230: 8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
Page 231 and 232: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
Page 233 and 234: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
Page 235 and 236: this information on the most recent
Page 237 and 238: FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
Page 239 and 240: 250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
Page 241 and 242: 9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
Page 243 and 244: EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
Page 245: FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
Page 249 and 250: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
Page 251 and 252: APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
Page 256 and 257: Interpreting GeologicStructures on
Page 258 and 259: of structures on the ground (the ma
Page 260 and 261: EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
Page 262 and 263: EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
Page 264 and 265: FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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Page 268 and 269: FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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Page 274 and 275: FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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Page 278 and 279: EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
Page 280 and 281: EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
Page 282 and 283: FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
Page 284 and 285: 10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
Page 286 and 287: FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
Page 288 and 289: EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
Page 290: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
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EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
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Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
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EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
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ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
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1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
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FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
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EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
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13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
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EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
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13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
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EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
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13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
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Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
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FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
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60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst top
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FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
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EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
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100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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4400B a l d r i d g e C a n y o n42
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EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
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EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
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Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
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FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
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EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
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EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
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15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
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EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
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450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
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15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
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The base level for a tributary stre
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3700380036003900Northwest BasinLake
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FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
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FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
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16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
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16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
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RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
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85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
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FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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400040004000L o w e V a l l e y4100
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FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
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Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
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FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
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EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
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17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
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1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
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EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
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FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake
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17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
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FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
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EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
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17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
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EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
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FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
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FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
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EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
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FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
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EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
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FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
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EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
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EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
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EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
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Weather describes atmospheric condi
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FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
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EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
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FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
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FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
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EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
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FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
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FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
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EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
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Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
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270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
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Align with northern latitude tick m
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