Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

13.4 Changes in Streams over Time 337
13.5 Stream Networks 342
13.5.1 Drainage Basins 342
13.5.2 Drainage Patterns 342
13.6 Changes in Stream-Created Landscapes
over Time 346
13.7 When Streams Don’t Seem to Follow
the Rules 351
13.8 When There’s Too Much Water: Floods 355
13.9 Streams, Society, and the
Environment 359
CHAPTER 14
Groundwater as a Landscape
Former and Resource............................361
14.1 Introduction 362
14.2 Aquifers and Aquitards 362
14.3 Landscapes Produced by Groundwater 366
14.4 The Water Table 370
14.5 Groundwater Resources and Problems 373
CHAPTER 15
Glacial Landscapes............................... 383
15.1 Introduction 384
15.2 How Glaciers Do Their Work 384
15.2.1 Types of Glaciers 384
15.2.2 How Glaciers Create Landforms 385
15.3 Landscapes Produced by Continental
Glaciation 385
15.3.1 Erosional Landscapes 388
15.3.2 Depositional Landscapes 391
15.4 Landscapes Produced by Mountain
Glaciation 399
15.5 Glaciers and Climate Change 404
APPENDIX 15.1
GLOSSARY OF GLACIAL LANDFORMS 408
CHAPTER 16
Processes and Landforms in Arid
Environments.........................................409
16.1 Introduction 410
16.2 Processes in Arid Regions 413
16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid Landscapes 415
16.4 Wind and Sand Dunes 422
16.5 Desertification 428
CHAPTER 17
Shoreline Landscapes.......................... 431
17.1 Introduction 432
17.2 Factors Controlling Shoreline Formation
and Evolution 432
17.2.1 Shoreline Materials 432
17.2.2 Weather and Climate 432
17.2.3 Tidal Range 434
17.2.4 Tectonic Activity 436
17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shorelines 437
17.3 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition 444
17.3.1 How Waves Form 444
17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Deposition 445
17.3.3 Longshore Drift 445
17.3.4 Erosional Features 446
17.3.5 Depositional Features 451
17.4 Human Interaction with Shoreline
Processes 455
17.4.1 Seawalls 455
17.4.2 Beach Nourishment 456
17.4.3 Jetties 456
17.4.4 Unintended Consequences of Human Shoreline
Management Efforts 457
17.5 When Shorelines Become Dangerous 459
17.5.1 Sea-Level Change 459
17.5.2 Coastal Storms 460
17.5.3 Tsunamis 465
CHAPTER 18
Looking to the Future: How Will
Humans Be Affected by Changes in
the Earth System?..................................471
18.1 Introduction 472
18.2 Changes in the Earth System 472
18.2.1 The Nature of Change: Cyclical versus
Unidirectional 473
18.2.2 Changes in the Geosphere 473
18.2.3 Changes in the Atmosphere 475
18.2.4 Changes in the Cryosphere and
Hydrosphere 484
18.2.5 Changes in the Biosphere 485
18.3 Humans as Agents of Environmental
Change and Extinctions 491
Credits 497
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CONTENTS