Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake Erienear Elyria, Ohio.The inset shows the larger context of the map.0 0.5 1 mile0 0.5 1 kmContour interval = 5 feetC e n t e rNDitch20R i d g eBlackLakeElyriaSheffieldLakeRiverAvonLakeAvonNorthRidgevilleErieBayVillageWestlakeNorthOlmstedBereaR.RidgewayRockyOHIO TURNPIKE80StrongsvilleBr.W.A730745S u g a rR i d g e7407357357407458375576010765750R i d g ei d g e775770R780C h e s t nu t7551076077076577520B u t t e r n u tFortune775Ditch83CarpenterB785Ditch7657707852078057
FIGURE 17.8 Mechanics of wave action offshore and near the shoreline.Wavelength½ wavelengthIn the breaker zone, the wave baseintersects the seafloor; here waves losesymmetry and “break.”Within a deep-ocean wave, water moleculesmove in a circular path. The radius of the circledecreases with depth.Wave base17.3 Shoreline Erosion and DepositionIn this section, we will learn more about how a shoreline changes. As we’ve seen,waves are the dominant agents of shoreline erosion and deposition. They erodecoastal materials when they strike the shore and deposit loose materials to formbeaches and other landforms. Waves also generate currents that parallel the shorelineand build landforms offshore. Wind is not only responsible for driving thewaves, but also moves sediment directly in shoreline areas, producing coastal sanddunes. We will look first at the basics of wave mechanics and then at how waves produceshoreline landforms.17.3.1 How Waves FormWaves are formed by the friction generated when wind blows across the surface ofan ocean or lake. The symmetric shape of waves offshore shows how the kineticenergy of the wind is transferred to the water. Offshore, this energy moves watermolecules in circular paths (FIG. 17.8, left side). Each molecule passes some energyon to the other molecules it contacts, but some energy is lost with each contact.These losses limit the depth of wave action to approximately half of the wavelength,a depth referred to as the wave base.When water is shallower than the wave base, as on the right side of Figure 17.8,the seafloor or lake bottom interferes with the orbiting water molecules, causingwaves to lose symmetry and “break” onshore. The pileup of water in this breaker zoneincreases the waves’ kinetic energy, enhancing their ability to erode the shoreline.FIGURE 17.9 shows a breaker zone along the coast in California. The wind thatgenerated these waves blew over thousands of miles of ocean uninterrupted by landor trees; these conditions are the most favorable condition for wave formation.FIGURE 17.9 Waves striking the shoreline at a breakerzone in California at low tide.444 CHAPTER 17 SHORELINE LANDSCAPES
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LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
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CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
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CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
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PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
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exercises interspersed throughout t
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Supplements(available for download
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
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One way to obtain more data would b
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TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
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EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
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EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
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1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
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FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
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FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
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MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
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FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
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EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
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APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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plate between two continents, conti
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FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
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More clues soon came from seismolog
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FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
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FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
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EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
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EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
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Even without any earthquake informa
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EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
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2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
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EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
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FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
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FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
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EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
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EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
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EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
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More sophisticated grid systems are
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EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
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EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
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EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
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But which north is north? No, this
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e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
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8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
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this information on the most recent
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FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
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250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
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9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
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FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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Interpreting GeologicStructures on
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of structures on the ground (the ma
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EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
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FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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is not the same as that of the beds
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EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
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FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
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EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
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EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
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FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
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10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
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FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
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EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
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S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
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EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
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Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
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EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
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ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
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1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
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FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
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EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
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13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
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EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
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13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
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EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
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13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
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Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
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FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
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60075000750600FIGURE 14.4 Karst top
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FIGURE 14.5 The water table separat
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EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
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100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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4400B a l d r i d g e C a n y o n42
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EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
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EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
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Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
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FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
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EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
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EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
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15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
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EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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900900800BOWEN1000700C R E E K900RO
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450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
Page 420 and 421: 15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
Page 422 and 423: The base level for a tributary stre
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Page 426 and 427: FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
Page 428 and 429: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
Page 430 and 431: GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 434 and 435: Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
Page 436 and 437: FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
Page 438 and 439: 16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
Page 440 and 441: 16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid
Page 442 and 443: EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 444 and 445: EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 446 and 447: RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
Page 448 and 449: 85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
Page 450 and 451: FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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Page 454 and 455: FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
Page 458 and 459: Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
Page 460 and 461: FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
Page 462 and 463: EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
Page 464 and 465: 17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
Page 466 and 467: 1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
Page 468 and 469: EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
Page 472 and 473: 17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
Page 474 and 475: FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
Page 476 and 477: EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
Page 478 and 479: 17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
Page 480 and 481: EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
Page 482 and 483: FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
Page 484 and 485: FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
Page 486 and 487: EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
Page 488 and 489: FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
Page 490 and 491: EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
Page 492 and 493: FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
Page 494 and 495: EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
Page 496: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
Page 501 and 502: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
Page 503 and 504: EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
Page 505 and 506: EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
Page 507 and 508: Weather describes atmospheric condi
Page 509 and 510: FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
Page 511 and 512: EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
Page 513 and 514: FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
Page 515 and 516: FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
Page 517 and 518: EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
Page 519 and 520: FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
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FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
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EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
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Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
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270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
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Align with northern latitude tick m
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