Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology 4e

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16.3 Progressive Evolution of Arid LandscapesThe evolution of arid landscapes differs from that of landscapes in humid regions.FIGURE 16.3 shows the stages in the development of an arid landscape, starting witha block made of resistant and nonresistant rocks that has been uplifted by faulting(Fig. 16.3a). Physical weathering takes advantage of fractures, causing cliffs to retreatand forming piles of rubble, called talus, on the plain below them (Fig. 16.3b).Streams in arid regions flow only after the few storms that occur during the rainyseason, but they are still very effective agents of erosion. They erode materials fromthe highlands and redeposit them as alluvial fans, which begin to fill in the lowlands(Fig. 16.3c). With further deposition, alluvial fans coalesce to form a broad sandand gravel deposit (a bajada) flanking the uplifted block.Where several fault blocks and basins are present, bajada sediment fromneighboring blocks eventually fills in the intervening basins, burying all but a fewremnants of the original blocks (Fig. 16.3d). These remnants stand out as isolatedpeaks, called inselbergs, above the sediment fill. Streams flowing into the basinfrom surrounding blocks have no way to leave and so form playa lakes, which mayevaporate to form salt flats. Monument Valley (Fig. 16.3e) is a classic example ofremnants of resistant rock isolated from their source layers by erosion.Arid landscapes are typically more angular than humid landscapes. Compare,for example, the photos of the Grand Canyon and the Delaware Water Gap inExercise 16.1. In the Grand Canyon, there is little soil. Rockfall is the dominantprocess of mass wasting, and sharp, angular slope breaks indicate contacts betweenresistant and nonresistant rocks. Nearly vertical slopes characterize the resistantsandstones, and more gently sloping surfaces characterize the less resistant shales.In contrast, a well-developed soil has formed above the bedrock in the DelawareWater Gap, partially masking erosional differences in the underlying rocks.Soil creep is the dominant mass wasting process, and it smooths and rounds thetopography.EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid LandscapesName:Course:Section:Date:In this exercise, you will practice interpreting aspects of several different arid landscapes.Grand Canyon, Arizona(a) Why hasn’t soil creep smoothed the slopes of the Grand Canyon aspictured in this photo?Death Valley, California-NevadaFIGURE 16.4 is a topographic overview of the Death Valley area. DeathValley is one of the driest places in North America and, with an elevation of more than 250 feet below sea level, one ofthe lowest spots on the continent. It also contains classic examples of arid landscapes. Examine the map and answer thefollowing questions:(continued )16.3 PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION OF ARID LANDSCAPES415
INYO COSAN BERNARDINO COFIGURE 16.4 Topographic overview and profile of Death Valley National Park.395136190178190374OW E N SKINGSCANYONNATIONALPARK95A M A RGOSA D E SERTOwens R.VA L L EYNEVADACALIFORNIAA M190373A R G O127S A R ANYE COINYO COP A N A M I N T RI N YO MOUNTA INSS I E R R AD E A T H V A L L E YSEQUOIANATIONAL PARKOwensLakeN G EINYO COTULARE CO127Amargosa R.A N G EPA N A M I N T VA L L E YA RGUS R A N GEN E V A D ASEQUOIANATIONALFORESTJohnsondaleRoads EndINYONATIONALFORESTINYONATIONALFORESTNAVAL WEAPONSSTATIONCHINA LAKEINYO COKERN COKernvilleWofford HeightsAWeldonIndependenceLone PineOnyxBartlettCartagoOlanchaLittleLakeKeelerInyokernWestendTronaSearlesLakeStovepipeWellsDEATH VALLEYNATIONAL PARKNAVAL WEAPONSSTATIONCHINA LAKE0 25 50 miles0 25 50 km NBeattyDeathValleyOWLSHEADMOUNTAINSAmargosaValleyDeathValleyJunctionBASHMEADOWSN.W.R.ShoshoneTecopaMercuryPahrump10,0005,0000AOwensValleyPanamintValleyDeathValleyAmargosaValleyBElevation (feet)–5,0000 20 40 60Miles80 100 120416 CHAPTER 16 PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS IN ARID ENVIRONMENTS
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LABORATORY MANUALFOR INTRODUCTORY G
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CONTENTSPreface viiCHAPTER 1Setting
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CHAPTER 8Studying the Earth’s Lan
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PREFACEThis laboratory manual is ba
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exercises interspersed throughout t
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Supplements(available for download
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ABOUT THE AUTHORSAllan Ludman is Pr
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ch
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One way to obtain more data would b
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TABLE 1.1 Basic definitions●●
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EXERCISE 1.2Reservoirs in the Earth
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EXERCISE 1.4Sources of Heat for Geo
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1.3 Units for Geologic MeasurementB
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FIGURE 1.5 Measuring the volume of
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FIGURE 1.6 The white cliffs of Dove
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MileFIGURE 1.7 Methods for dealing
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FIGURE 1.8 An example of the princi
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EXERCISE 1.9Name:Course:How Long Do
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APPENDIX 1.1Metric-U.S. Customary C
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Become fami
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plate between two continents, conti
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FIGURE 2.4 The Earth’s major clim
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More clues soon came from seismolog
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FIGURE 2.8 Magnetic reversals of th
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FIGURE 2.11 Rates of motion of the
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EXERCISE 2.7A Tale of Two RidgesNam
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EXERCISE 2.8Continental Rifting: Sp
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Even without any earthquake informa
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EXERCISE 2.10Estimating the Amount
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2.5.5 Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Tracks
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EXERCISE 2.11Name:Course:Determinin
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EXERCISE 2.12Name:Course:Long-Term
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 2Analyzing Plate
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand wh
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When a mineral grows without interf
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FIGURE 3.1 Specimens of the mineral
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3.4.5 HardnessThe hardness of a min
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FIGURE 3.4 Crystals of some common
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FIGURE 3.6 Cleavage in common miner
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3.4.9 MagnetismA few minerals are a
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EXERCISE 3.7Identifying MineralsNam
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The minerals and elements we most r
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EXERCISE 3.9Mineral Resources in Yo
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 3Extracting Miner
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APPENDIX 3.1Mineral Identification
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.2Determinative Tables fo
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APPENDIX 3.3Common Minerals and The
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MINERAL PROFILE DATA SHEET NameSamp
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Understand
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FIGURE 4.1 The rock cycle.Heating a
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FIGURE 4.3 Typical grain shapes.(a)
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EXERCISE 4.2Describing a Rock’s T
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EXERCISE 4.3Understanding the Origi
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EXERCISE 4.4Interpreting the Textur
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■ Hardness: Use a steel safety pi
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FIGURE 4.6 Flowchart for determinin
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4.8 The Economic Value of RocksMost
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FIGURE 4.7 Examples of igneous, sed
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 4Deciphering Land
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crystalline rocks. Those that are s
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EXERCISE 5.3Interpreting Igneous Co
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FIGURE 5.4 Volcanic glasscontains n
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EXERCISE 5.5Interpreting Fragmental
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Felsic igneous rocks (from feldspar
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minerals melt, and (3) how plate-te
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EXERCISE 5.8Insights from Melting a
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EXERCISE 5.9Explaining Features of
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extreme crustal stretching has expo
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EXERCISE 5.13Interpreting Plate-Tec
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FIGURE 5.12 Distribution of volcano
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FIGURE 5.14 Comparison of areas in
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EXERCISE 5.15Stratovolcano Disaster
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 5Exploring the Na
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IGNEOUS ROCKS STUDY SHEET NameSampl
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FIGURE 6.2 Chemical weathering of f
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FIGURE 6.3 The five steps in clasti
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6.3.2 Chemical Sedimentary RocksChe
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6.3.3 Biochemical and Organic Sedim
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TABLE 6.2 Classification of common
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FIGURE 6.5 Flow chart for identifyi
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FIGURE 6.6 Sediment sorting.(a) Poo
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EXERCISE 6.7Recognizing Sediment De
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FIGURE 6.9 Sedimentary rock beds.(a
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FIGURE 6.12 Cross bedding, a type o
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FIGURE 6.15 Fossils reveal remarkab
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FIGURE 6.16 Examples of depositiona
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EXERCISE 6.10Interpreting Sedimenta
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SampleTexture(grain size, shape,sor
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FIGURE 7.1 Examples of changes from
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FIGURE 7.2 Growth of metamorphic mi
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FIGURE 7.3 Types of stress.(a) Comp
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FIGURE 7.5 Photomicrographs of rock
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FIGURE 7.6 Varieties of gneiss form
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EXERCISE 7.2Identifying Metamorphic
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FIGURE 7.11 Settings of metamorphis
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EXERCISE 7.4Interpreting the Type o
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EXERCISE 7.5Name:Course:Index Miner
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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Sample Minerals presentMETAMORPHIC
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EXERCISE 8.1Which Image Works Best?
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More sophisticated grid systems are
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EXERCISE 8.2The Latitude/Longitude
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EXERCISE 8.3Locating Points with th
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EXERCISE 8.4Locating Points with th
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But which north is north? No, this
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e300FIGURE 8.10 An area in eastern
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8.4 Vertical Exaggeration:A Matter
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 8Locating Places
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Understand ho
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this information on the most recent
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FIGURE 9.5 Digital elevation model(
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250300300FIGURE 9.7 Hachured contou
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9.3.4 Rules and Applications of Con
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EXERCISE 9.6Name:Course:Survival of
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FIGURE 9.8 Map of the microwave tow
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FIGURE 9.11 The effect of vertical
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 9Working with Top
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APPENDIX 9.1Topographic Map Symbols
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Interpreting GeologicStructures on
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of structures on the ground (the ma
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EXERCISE 10.2The Basic Types of Con
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EXERCISE 10.3Determining Strike and
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FIGURE 10.4 Block diagrams.Map view
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FIGURE 10.6 Block diagrams showing
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FIGURE 10.7 Hanging wall, footwall,
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is not the same as that of the beds
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EXERCISE 10.9Name:Course:Interpreti
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FIGURE 10.9 Geologic maps (continue
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EXERCISE 10.11Name:Course:Using Sym
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EXERCISE 10.12Name:Course:Construct
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EXERCISE 10.13Interpreting Simple G
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FIGURE 10.13 Structural control of
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10.6 Reading Real Geologic MapsYou
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FIGURE 10.14 (continued).Geologic M
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EXERCISE 10.18Making a Geologic Map
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 10Name:Course:Und
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S-waves (FIG. 11.2b) are seismic wa
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FIGURE 11.4 Worldwide distribution
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FIGURE 11.5 Travel-time curves show
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.4Locating an Earthquake
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EXERCISE 11.4Name:Course:Locating a
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EXERCISE 11.5Name:Course:Determinin
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11.5 Predicting EarthquakeHazards:
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EXERCISE 11.7Locating Liquefaction
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After watching dramatic images of t
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APPENDIX 11.1Seismic Analysis Works
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■■Determine t
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EXERCISE 12.2Relative Ages in Cross
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EXERCISE 12.3Applying the Principle
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EXERCISE 12.4Name:Course:Using Sedi
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FIGURE 12.6 How the three kinds of
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EXERCISE 12.5Name:Course:Decipherin
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becoming extinct. When we find an i
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EXERCISE 12.6Name:Course:Dating Roc
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FIGURE 12.9 Changing parent:daughte
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EXERCISE 12.7Putting It All Togethe
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EXERCISE 12.8What Numerical Ages Ca
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EXERCISE 12.9Correlation (continued
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EXERCISE 12.10Cretaceous Paleogeogr
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Landscapes Formed13by StreamsStream
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EXERCISE 13.1Differences between St
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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RFIGURE 13.5 The Genesee River sout
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EXERCISE 13.2Why Some Streams Meand
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FIGURE 13.8 A floodplain and its as
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ST. FRANCIS CO4070797064UNION PACIF
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1000Big900900B I G H I L LARKANSAS9
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FIGURE 13.13 Major drainage basins
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anchWTJ54MurphyNew BloomfieldTown65
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EXERCISE 13.6Recognizing Stages of
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MT T L E62446267DogRock757266170634
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13.7 When Streams Don’t Seemto Fo
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EXERCISE 13.7Deducing the History o
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13.8 When There’s Too Much Water:
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EXERCISE 13.9Estimating Potential F
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13.9 Streams, Society, and the Envi
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Groundwater as aLandscape Formerand
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EXERCISE 14.1Factors Affecting Infi
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EXERCISE 14.1Name:Course:Factors Af
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FIGURE 14.2 Groundwater landscape e
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Page 394 and 395: EXERCISE 14.4Effects of a Changing
Page 396 and 397: 100100100FIGURE 14.9 Karst topograp
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Page 400 and 401: EXERCISE 14.7Name:Course:Environmen
Page 402 and 403: EXERCISE 14.8Name:Course:Environmen
Page 404 and 405: Glacial Landscapes15These jagged mo
Page 406 and 407: FIGURE 15.2 Mountain and continenta
Page 408 and 409: EXERCISE 15.1Comparison of Glaciers
Page 410 and 411: EXERCISE 15.3Erosional Features of
Page 412 and 413: 15.3.2 Depositional LandscapesLands
Page 414 and 415: EXERCISE 15.4Landforms at the Termi
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Page 418 and 419: 450400LEMON400ROADSLAYTON4504503Spo
Page 420 and 421: 15.4 Landscapes Producedby Mountain
Page 422 and 423: The base level for a tributary stre
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Page 426 and 427: FIGURE 15.17 Atmospheric temperatur
Page 428 and 429: GEOTOURS EXERCISE 15Flowing Ice as
Page 430 and 431: GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
Page 434 and 435: Processes and Landforms16in Arid En
Page 436 and 437: FIGURE 16.2 Types of arid regions.(
Page 438 and 439: 16.2 Processes in Arid RegionsNow l
Page 442 and 443: EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 444 and 445: EXERCISE 16.3Interpreting Arid Land
Page 446 and 447: RiverGila85WatermanWashR A I N B O
Page 448 and 449: 85130011001000FIGURE 16.8 Topograph
Page 450 and 451: FIGURE 16.10 Characteristics and ev
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Page 454 and 455: FIGURE 16.13 Vulnerability to deser
Page 458 and 459: Shoreline Landscapes17Coastlines co
Page 460 and 461: FIGURE 17.1 Types of shorelines.(a)
Page 462 and 463: EXERCISE 17.1Erodibility and Stabil
Page 464 and 465: 17.2.5 Emergent and Submergent Shor
Page 466 and 467: 1382427FIGURE 17.5 Maine coastline
Page 468 and 469: EXERCISE 17.5Measuring Sea-Level (a
Page 470 and 471: FIGURE 17.7 Area just south of Lake
Page 472 and 473: 17.3.2 Coastal Erosion and Depositi
Page 474 and 475: FIGURE 17.11 Erosional features of
Page 476 and 477: EXERCISE 17.7Erosional Processes an
Page 478 and 479: 17.3.5 Depositional FeaturesPromine
Page 480 and 481: EXERCISE 17.9Depositional Processes
Page 482 and 483: FIGURE 17.18 The shoreline of theno
Page 484 and 485: FIGURE 17.21 Aerial view showing ho
Page 486 and 487: EXERCISE 17.10Name:Course:Unintende
Page 488 and 489: FIGURE 17.24 Counterclockwise wind
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EXERCISE 17.11Name:Course:Effects o
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FIGURE 17.27 Flooding caused by hur
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EXERCISE 17.12Effects of Storm Path
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 17Understanding T
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GRID: 10/inch = 39,4/10cm
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LEARNINGOBJECTIVES■ Explain why p
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EXERCISE 18.1Humans and Earth Syste
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EXERCISE 18.2Short-Term Changes in
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Weather describes atmospheric condi
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FIGURE 18.5 The greenhouse effect.G
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EXERCISE 18.3Name:Course:Assessing
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FIGURE 18.8 Movement of water from
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FIGURE 18.10 Projected sea-level sc
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EXERCISE 18.4Effects of Sea-Level R
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FIGURE 18.13 Estimated human popula
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FIGURE 18.14 Two bird species hunte
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EXERCISE 18.6Name:Course:How Quickl
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GEOTOURS EXERCISE 18Inducing Change
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Courtesy of Allan Ludman; p. 162 (t
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270 280260240 250290 300Clay310 320
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Align with northern latitude tick m
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