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- tr6 TABLE 1 - MAJOR PACII.IC TIMBEI1 SPECIES Gcncric nemes P+u8 Ncw Guince Solomon lalande Fiji Vsnustu WGstGrn Semoa A SpcEialirt - lumitur? snd veneer Anpore A. cucull8ta A. cuculla[a Aglaig A. spp, Castanopsio C, acumrnatlEsima Dracontomehrm O. puberlum Dysoxylum D. rpp. D. .pp Elmemillia E. papuana Nothof8gus N, spp. Pterocerpus P. indrcuo Scfrizgneria S. serraLa S. serrata Tone T. a:reni Funderria F. spp, Burckella B. obovata B, obovata Palaquium P. spp. P. +p. B. Hcrvy cmrtructidr end dccking Heritiera FL littoraliE Hsnalium F| foetidum Hgee l-I iri8n8 Intlie L bijuga l. birugs Menilkara Nt ksnosiensis M8tixiodendron |\t pachycladc Nconauclea N. hegenii N. spp. Vitrx Pdgquium V. cofassus V. cofersus Eugenie/Syzygium S. buettnerienum E, +p. Scrianthes Dysoxylum G C'cnaral cdrtructim Anisoptere A, thurifere P. indrcus P. fidgrensrs Celophyllum C. papuenum C. kajowskii C. vitiensi6 Eucelyplrrs E. deglupte Hees ft papurla Mstiltoe lrt psilogyne Pbnchonie P. papuana Psnetie P. pinnata P, pinnats Sloanca S. Epp Triltiropsis T. acutengula (T, *utangub) Dillenie D, salomonensig Endaprrmum Bischof ie Piliocalyx Dysoxylum Geruge O. Light cortructiqr, intlrn.t utility Alstonia A. rcholeris A. scholarir Anthocephaluu A chincnais Cernpnoperma C. brcvipetiolata C. brrvipetiolet8 Cenarium C. pp. C. ?p Caltir C. nymcnii C. pp. cryptocarya c. +p. c. pp. Endopermum E. nrdullogum E. rpdulloaum Gnclina G. moluccana G. moluccane Mngifcra I't minor Myli!ticr Octomclcs O, lrmetrlna Panchonella P. lpp. P. ep. E. macrophyllum c. +p. |'4.?p Polyelthis P. oblongifolie Pt$ocymbium P. bcccerii Ptlrygota P. horrficldii Spondi.s S.
Natural forest cover - r17 Even now most Pacific Islands are predominantly tree covered; though an increasing proportion of that tree cover has been significantly modified by the requirements of rapidly growing populations. Within the tropical zone the rain forest of the islands of Borneo, Indonesia and the Philippines and Peninsular Malaysia have the richest vegetation associalions, followed by the rain'forests of South Anerica; particularly in the Amazon Basin. Though the species-rich rain forests of Indonesia lie west of P4ua New Guinea lhere is a significant reduction in the number of species in total and per unit area east of the wallace line. There is a progressive loss of species as one travels eastwards from lrian Jaya to Fiji' Vanuatu end beyond. This trend is illustrated in Table I which lists the more common trees in various countries that have economic potential. These are srranged in four categories of end use; while the listings under the fifth category of conifers illustnates, in part, the much greater altitudinal range of the rnountain forest in Papua New Guinea. Loggers with experience both in Borneo and the larger Pacific Islands note how minor genera in -Borneo like Calophyllum and Pometia become major species in the Pacif ic Islands. ifr large number of-ffirnercial species in ttre Dipterocarpaceae in Borneo and the Philippines are reduced to three qenera in Papua New Guinea and absent from other islands to the east. There are also typical Australian genera Iike Eucalyptus' Toona' and Flindgrsia in Papua New Guinea and West Irian that do not occur further east. As lhe proportion of see to land increases significantly this must have influenced the spread of species. Dis[ribution patterns cannot always easily be explained. In more western islands of the Solomons' relatively common species like Campnosperma brevipetiolata and Gonystyl-us macro-ca.rpqsr.are absent from Guadalcanal and Further east, Terminelia brassii end Calophyllum kaiewskii are absent from the Santa Cruz group, though unaccountably Ca.mplosPerma GE-pears, while Pometia pinnata occurs with much poorer form and contrastinqly larger fru it. -Makira. Relatively little study has been carried out in Lhe region on the structure of the forest and its biomass. One such sludy was carried out in 197111972 in the Solomons, felling all trees on four plots. This is sllmmarized in Table 2. Total stem and branch biomass to a minimum I0 centimetrqs small end diameten unden Qark varied beLween 2J5 and 507 cubic rnetres per hectare (m'/na). Land with oven 500 m'/n1 .would be approaching the maximum carrying capacity of this type of forest, while 250 m'/na fepresents forest closer to the arretloJ for thege islands. Total basal area in the forest sampled varied between 20 and 4l .'lni which is much less than f or temperate conif er plantations. Ssne indication of veriation in tree form is given by dividing total volume by total basal areal this gives factors lying between 5.0 and 14. Such records alr there are relaLing inventory data with actua{. volurnes extracted indieates tha!, though small aress can yield more, yielde of l0 Lo 5U m-lha of logs over 55 cm mid-diameler cen be anticipated over large blocks. Tfese are much lowen than with yields from forest in Bonneo, Philippines and Malaysia- Tropieel high forests are s very complex matrix containing individual elemenLs which can be isolated ln small uniLs, but seldom on a large seale. It is common practice to distinguiah en upper canopy l0 to 45 m above ground; a middle canopy 15 to l0 m above grouni level; and a lower canopy 5 to 15 m above ground level. This excludes herbaeeous iround vegetation and is usually illustrated by a profile diagram similar to !h9t in Figure l. Another uleful device is to distinguish a gap phase of regeneration; a building phase with maximum rate of heiqht growth; and a mature phase. Classification of crown exposure and crown closure of indlvidual trees further describe the condition of the forest together with details of the physical factors of altitude, aspect, topography, soil, drainage and previous history.
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
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-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
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-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
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-4r of real improvements must be pa
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mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
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-45 The changes described above can
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ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
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Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
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-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
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-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
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AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
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SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72: u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74: 4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
Page 75 and 76: -13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78: -75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80: -77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82: lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84: -8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86: -81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88: -85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90: -87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
Page 91 and 92: -90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
Page 93 and 94: -92 Biogeographic provinces in the
Page 95 and 96: _94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98: -96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100: -98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102: Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104: - r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106: - 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108: - 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110: lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112: -IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114: -LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115: Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 119 and 120: - 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122: 2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
Page 123 and 124: - rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 125 and 126: 125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128: Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130: - L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132: Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134: - Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136: Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138: - Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140: - 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142: - l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144: - L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
Page 145 and 146: t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
Page 147 and 148: - I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
Page 149 and 150: I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
Page 151 and 152: - L52 The report of lhe Technical G
Page 153 and 154: - r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
Page 155 and 156: - 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
Page 157 and 158: - r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160: - 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162: Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
Page 163 and 164: - L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
Page 165 and 166: Environmental Aesesgment Component
Page 167 and 168:
- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
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- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
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- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
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Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
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Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
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- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
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I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
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- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
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- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
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Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
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- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
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- zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230:
- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
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- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
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- 256 The biggest problem associale
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- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
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- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
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For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
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Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
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- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
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- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
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Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
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- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
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Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
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Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
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Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
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- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
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Other areas with important pollutio
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- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280:
- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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