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- 225 ore refinery is located m the east coast of Kalimantan (Straitr of Macersar) with a capacity of 75rttr0 barrele per stream day. Furthermore a new refinery center is located m the eouthern cosst of the island of Javai it has a eapacity of 100,m0 berrels per stream day, which is being extended to 100.000 barrels per stream day. The oil terminats, production fields and refineriee continuously release oily effluent into the adjacent waters. Sanetimee accidental spills have resulled from technical failures and humsn errors like leaks, overfilling and mismanagement. Teble 7 sttows a list of refineries with their capaciLies and Figure 2 indicates Lhe locations of producing and prospective oil fields in South-East Asia. Country BURMA Petrochemical lndustries Corp.r Chauk Petrochemical lndustries Corp.r Syriem New Refinery, Maluk, 2r(tr0 bVday (1980) New Refinery, Mann, 25rm0 bVday (f982) Tabb 7 : Coastel refineries and capacities (from Petroleum News South East Asia, 1980) INDO{ESIA (all owned by state enterprise Pertamins) Cilacap, South Java (200,m0 bVday extension by f984) Balikpapan, Kalimantan Dumai, Surna[ra Sungai Gerong, Sumatra Plaju, Sumatra Pangkalan Brandan, Sumelra Sungai Pakning, Sumatra New Refinery, Batem, 200,m0 bVday (planned) MALAYSIA Esso, Pot Dickson Shell, Port Dickson Shell, Lutong, Sarawak Petronas, New Refinery, Westcoast, I50rfl)0 bVday Petronas, New Refinery, Pakar Trengganu (20,m0-10'm0 b/d sr streem by 1984) PHILIPPINES Batean Refining, Limay Celtex, South Luzon Philipines Shell, Batangas SINGAPORE British Petroleum, Pasir Panjang Eso, Puhu Ayer Chawan Mobil, Jurong Shell, Pulau Bukom Singapore Refining Co., Pulau Merlimbau (l00,m0 bVday by late 1980) THAILAI.ID Eseo, Sri Racha Sunmit, Bengchok Sunmit, Fang Thailand Oil Refining' Chonburi (55rm0 bVday expansion approved) Cryacity (bVday) Lcation 5,f00 22ro,J,O I00,000 75,000 I00,000 79,000 1I I,000 4,m0 50,m0 f6,000 90,000 14,000 I04,m0 74,m0 68,000 28,m0 21l,mo 180,m0 500,000 70,m0 i5,000 80,m0 Irm0 65,000 Andaman Sea Indian Ocean Straits of Macassar Straits of Malacca I tl ll tl Strails of Singapore Straits of Malacca ll South China Sea Straits of Malacca South China Sea South China Sea tl It Straits of Singapore I il tl tl Gulf Thailand of I il It
- 226 ln the South China Saa active offghore exploration and exploitation are taking ptace in the Gulf of ThsilanJ vrrhere gas and gas condengate have been found. Eastward in Indonesian Waters, the area af ound putau Natuna (Natuna lslsnd) produces tO.r7?L. barrels per dly (bVday). Further to the Easi, fields off of the islend of ialawan produce 40-'m0 bVday. To the South the Malaysian Sabah and Serawak weters yield a total production-of-180r000 bVday while the offshore production of the Eagt Coast of Peninsubr Malaysia is I20,(D0 bVday' Tte rvaters of Brunei produce l79rl00 bVday (1978. figures). . Off the north coaat of Javar en offshore oil field nas a-production of Lt4rllt bVdst. Another offshore field within Indmegian weters in the straits of Mecassar produces 2921956 bvday (Sigit et al 1980L Oil contaminetion in marine waters The data from the Marine pollution petroleum) Monitoring Pilot Project (MAPMOPP) of the Integrated Global Ocean Survey System (IGOSS) or hydrocarbms and .floating tarballs (oil lunps) (ee Figure 5 and Figure 6) provide the only overview of the state of oil contamination in the Easi Asian Seas. The hydrocarbst concentration ranges from 0.01 - 4 ppb with both extremes occurring in the souihern part of South Chine Sea' The Malacca straits, eastern South china sea, celebes sea, and northern Philippine sea heve values of 0.1)6| and 0.07 ppb. Higher values of 0.2 to 0.7 ppb ere found in waters around J+an' Sane countries in South-East Asia make surveys and occasional observations of hydrocarbms in coastal waters, but the results and data are scattered, ao it ir impossible to integrate this information with the MAPMOPP/lcoss data. Even for an assesstrEnt within the region, interpretation is difficult because of the various methods of sampling and analysis used. Tfc hydocarbrr contamination data given below by country represent an effort to compare tha available information regardlesJ of the purposes for which they were produced' Acrumulations of oil pollution are slrongly dependant on the hydrographic end gpographic features of the region. Figure 5 : Regional distribution of Larball concentretion and number of samPles bY 50 squaree
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
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-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
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-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
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-4r of real improvements must be pa
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mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
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-45 The changes described above can
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ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
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Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
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-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
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-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
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AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
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SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
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-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
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Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
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pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
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u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
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-8I in longline fishing effort woul
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-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
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-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
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-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
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Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
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- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
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- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
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- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
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lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
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-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
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-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
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Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
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Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
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2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
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Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
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- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
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Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
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- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
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Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
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- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
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- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172: - 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174: - 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176: - rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178: Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180: Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182: - l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184: - 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186: Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188: I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190: BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192: - Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194: Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196: - r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198: - r99 A growing eause f or concern
Page 199 and 200: - 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202: - 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204: - 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206: - 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
Page 207 and 208: - 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210: - 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212: - 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214: - 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216: - 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218: Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219 and 220: Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 221: - 224 Oil released during deballast
Page 225 and 226: - 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228: - zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230: - 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232: - 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234: - 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236: - 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238: - 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240: For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242: Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244: - 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246: - 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
Page 247 and 248: - 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250: Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252: - 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254: Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256: - 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258: Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260: CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262: Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264: - 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266: - 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268: Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270: - 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
Page 271 and 272: Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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