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- ?72 REFERENCES Arriagar L 1975. Contaminaction en el Oceano Pacifico Suroriental (Ecr.rador-Peru-Chile). Rev. Corn. Perm. Pacifico Sur 5:f-62. Cabrera, l{. 1979. Cmtaminacion marina en Chile. Rev. Com. Perm. Pacifico Sur l0:l1l-145. Castilla' IC. 1981. Fuentes, niveles y effectos de la eontaminacion marina en Chile. CPPS, Senie Seminarios y Estudios 2:I-50. Guillen' O. 1981. Fuentes, niveles y effectos de Ia contaminaeion marina en el Peru. CppS, Senie Seminarios y Estudios 2:51-116. Guillen' O. and R. Aquino. 1978. Contaminacion en los Puertos de Callao y Chimbote y s1 efecto en la productividad Inst. Mar Peru, lnf. No. 61. Guillenr O.r R. Aquino' B. Valdivia and R. Calienes. 1978. Contaminacion en el Puerto de Calleo. Irst. Mar Peru, lnf. No. 52. Kwiecinsky, Bogdan. 1981. Cmtaminacion marins del Pacifico de Panama. CPPS, Serie Serninerim y Ed,udios 2:ll7-171. Rodriguez, Francisco. 1981. Contribucion al conocimien[o de la contaminacion y su Problemetica en el Pacifico Colombiano. CPPS, Serie Seminarios y Estudios 2z?4J-287. Solorzano, Lucia. 198I. Fuentea, niveles y efectos de la eontaminacion marina en Ecuador. C?PS, Senie Seminarios y Estudios 2t173-24L. Valenciat lvtr et al. 1979. Contaminacion marine en Ecuador. Rev. Comision Permanente del Pacif ico Sur l0z245-?f,2. Vergara, I. and F. Pizarro. 1981. Diagnostico sobre la conteminaeion merina por hidrocarburos en el Pmifico Sudeste. CPPS, Serie Seminarios y Eatudioe 22289-J68.
- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{AST PACIFIC: REGIOIIAL CO-PERATION AND CO{TItlcEt{CY PLANS Franciaco Pizano A. Jefe Division Asuntos Internacionales (lMO), Armada de Chile Errazuriz 5)7, Valparaiso, Chile ABSTRACT As in many other regions of the world, the South-East Pacific region has been affected by oil pollution due to rnarine Lransportation activities, offshore platforms, and tanker and oLher shipping accidents. With the support of UNEP and the co-qeration of the other specialized agencies of the UN system, lhe countries of the GPPS (colombia, Ecuador, peru and Chile) and Panama are implemenling an Action Plan for the Proteetion of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South-East Prcific. Special emphasis is being given lo regional co-qeration, considering the magnitude an oil spill could have in some extrerne circumstances and the Fesponse capabilities of these countries to deal with a rnajor spill. A diplomatic cwrference held in Lima, Peru in lg8l approved an Agneement on regional co-qeration in case of serious spills of oil or other harmful substances, as well as a Protocol on qerational matters. Various meetings have been held with the active participation of representaLives of all the countries involved. Ttese meetings have covered tegal (national and international) and technical aspecls, including modern techniques ind equipment for combating oil pollution at sea. Ore of the npst important topics National Cmtingency Plans, since prior a rapid nesponse. Introduction included in the Plan is the formulation of planning and organization are essential to Marine pollution is unavoidable, it ie part of the price mankind mr.rst pay for the development of an industriel society. Man must learn to live with this probbm and try to rnanage it. He must elso learn that marine pollution rnay affect everyone equally, thet it has no frontiersr that it can extend to all rcgions of the world, and that it may affect both developed and developing countries. He has to learn that it is a global and interdisciplinary problem which involvee ecological, technical, political and bgal apects. He has to hain that it is a problem concerning the whole world. Annng the many types of water pollution, oil and its productg have been the rmst wideapread contaminants in the seal according to the rnost qtimistic calculations rnade by the Intergovernnental Maritime Organizaiion (lMO) in 1982, rnore than I million tons ri discharged into the see every year. Oil gills dle to rccidents ae pectacuhr because of the localized darnage they cause. However, the greatest quantity of oil discharged into t}1e gea comes from routine ship qerations such aa indiscriminate discharges -ot oily ballast, contaminated weter from tank washing end bilge water discharges, s well s the qeration of off-ehore terminals, off-shore drilling, refineriee, etc.
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
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-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
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-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
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-4r of real improvements must be pa
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mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
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-45 The changes described above can
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ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
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Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
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-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
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-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
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AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
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SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
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-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
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Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
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pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
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u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
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-8I in longline fishing effort woul
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-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
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-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
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-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
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Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
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- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
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- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
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- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
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lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
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-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
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-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
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Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
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Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
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2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
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Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
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- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
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Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
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- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
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Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
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- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
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- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
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- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
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- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
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Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
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Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
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- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
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I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
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- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
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- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218: Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219 and 220: Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 221 and 222: - 224 Oil released during deballast
Page 223 and 224: - 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226: - 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228: - zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230: - 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232: - 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234: - 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236: - 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238: - 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240: For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242: Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244: - 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246: - 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
Page 247 and 248: - 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250: Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252: - 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254: Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256: - 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258: Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260: CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262: Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264: - 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266: - 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267: Other areas with important pollutio
Page 271 and 272: Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
Page 273 and 274: - 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
Page 275 and 276: '279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
Page 277 and 278: Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280: - 28t Obgervation of winds the key
Page 281 and 282: - 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
Page 283 and 284: (2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
Page 285 and 286: TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287: tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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