Rt€@lll

More documents

Recommendations

Info

- L24 negenerstion was higher and ovgr 7096 of &0I hectare plots were..stocked and f5% of the sample units contained Kauri poles over I0. centimetreg diameter likely to develop to maturity. As the distribution of Kauri in the forest before logging waa very patchy, the distribution of Kauri eeedling both before and after logging is tit
125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not easy to burn. - Mechanical land clearing is uneconomic. - Erowsing animals should be few or absent altoqether. - Weed regrowth in cleared areas is generally more vigorous than on average in less disturbed areas. - Overhead shade from big trees must be removed early. In the region Lhe langest areas of line planting are in Fiji, the Solomons and Western Samoa. All aneas exhibit. a range from failure to $Jccess. Mosl species growing successful in line planting do not occun as monoeultures in nature in the tropics. Where monocultures do occur in tropical forest the site is often specialized as with Terminalia bras"il swamps, Casuarina groves on ullramafic rocks, Aqathis on basalt riaqes, and mFngrove areas. Elsewhere monocultures are genenally a limiLed seral stage, Widespread observations indicate that retention of a reasonably complex vegetative mix contributes to success. Where there is little damage to the relict natural vegetation, especially of former understorey components, line planting is often zuccessful. In the Solomons, measurements on mature trees over a range of sizes on 20 to 25 years rotations indicated that crown diameters of final erop trees were of the order of l0 netres. Until recently most line planting has been carried out at about this spacing. When a strip about two metres wide is cleared, 80% of the relict vegetation need not be disturbed. Where the canopy has been destroyed by logging, weed regrowth, particularly by Merremia and Mikania species, has been rampant. This causes severe losses to planted trees. Heavily logged areas seldom exceed 20% to 25% of the total; so that special techniques involvinq closer planting will have to be evolved to combat lhe problem of rampant climbing weeds. Final crops of around 100 sLems per ha are anticipated for trees with 50 Lo 50 cm average diameter. Anticipated average merchantable bole length varies from about 5 m to 12 m for hardwoods on 15 to 25 year rotalions. Few line planted areas have yet reache{maturity and conservative estimates would put yields of sawlogs in the range of 75 to 2OO m-/he, with a small end diameter limit of l0 cm. Total wqpd yield based trr an interpolation from Table 2 is likely to be of the range of f50 to 500 m'/ha. Additional sawlog volunEs could be harvested if the merchantable small end diameter limit were reduced to about 20 cm. ln all cases a considerable proportion of the total yield could be used m pulpwood or for energy. The wisdom of continuing line planting has been questioned because of two recent events. The first was the discovery of Ambrosia beetle at.tack and associated problems with the fungi Armellaria and Fomes on 5ffiT6- macrophylla plantations in Fiji in 1971. Secondly, inventories of the line planting in the Solomons in 1980 revealed much lower stockings of potential final crop trees in all ages than was anticipated. In both cases the authorities curteiled their replanting programmes and lnstituted a radicel change of emphaais in their replanting work. In Fiji a wider range of speciea were introduced that had not then been proven s'l a wide scele in line planting. ln the Solomons the line planting technique was changed by reducing the specing between lines to 5 m. In Fiji the ereas ubsequently replanted to mixed hardwoode were extremely variable and no large area of fully stocked plantations has yet been ruccessfully established. In the Solomons the reduction of spacing between lines h8s lead not mly to removal of the relict understorey between lines, but aleo to the increased incidence of rempant climbers, early and heavy branching on speciee like Campnogoerma, attack by insecta like Ambleypelta m Cempnoeperma, and potential danger of atteck by Hypsipylle on Swietenia which had virtuelly been absent in wider spaeed line planting. Had there not been arch a radical reection to the probbms, it ought to heve been poesible to have maintained the rnomentum of the planting programmes. Field rnanagement and financing in Fiji and the Solomons then loat rrpmentum. Reaearch hes strowed that the redical corrective techniquee had their own srious probbms. Closer control end edrytetion of forrner procedures also had a sribstantial place in retaining cost effectivenegs.
Page 1 and 2:
@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
Page 3 and 4:
a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
Page 5 and 6:
L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
Page 7 and 8:
-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
Page 9 and 10:
TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
Page 11 and 12:
Immediate priorities -5 The Action
Page 13 and 14:
DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
Page 15 and 16:
-9 On the other hand, if any collec
Page 17 and 18:
-tr Working through the list in rev
Page 19 and 20:
-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
Page 21 and 22:
-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
Page 23 and 24:
-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
Page 25 and 26:
?r) The si tuation is very differen
Page 27 and 28:
-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
Page 29 and 30:
-24 Other examples of this form of
Page 31 and 32:
_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
Page 33 and 34:
-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
Page 35 and 36:
-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
Page 37 and 38:
-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40:
-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42:
-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44:
-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46:
-4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48:
mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50:
-45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52:
ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54:
Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56:
-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58:
-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60:
AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62:
c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64:
SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66:
-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68:
Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70:
pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72:
u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74: 4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
Page 75 and 76: -13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78: -75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80: -77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82: lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84: -8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86: -81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88: -85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90: -87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
Page 91 and 92: -90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
Page 93 and 94: -92 Biogeographic provinces in the
Page 95 and 96: _94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98: -96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100: -98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102: Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104: - r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106: - 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108: - 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110: lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112: -IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114: -LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116: Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118: Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
Page 119 and 120: - 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122: 2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
Page 123: - rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 127 and 128: Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130: - L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132: Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134: - Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136: Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138: - Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140: - 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142: - l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144: - L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
Page 145 and 146: t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
Page 147 and 148: - I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
Page 149 and 150: I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
Page 151 and 152: - L52 The report of lhe Technical G
Page 153 and 154: - r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
Page 155 and 156: - 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
Page 157 and 158: - r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160: - 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162: Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
Page 163 and 164: - L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
Page 165 and 166: Environmental Aesesgment Component
Page 167 and 168: - L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170: - l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172: - 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174: - 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176:
- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178:
Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182:
- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184:
- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186:
Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188:
I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190:
BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192:
- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194:
Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196:
- r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198:
- r99 A growing eause f or concern
Page 199 and 200:
- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202:
- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204:
- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206:
- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
Page 207 and 208:
- 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210:
- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212:
- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214:
- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216:
- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218:
Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219 and 220:
Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 221 and 222:
- 224 Oil released during deballast
Page 223 and 224:
- 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226:
- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228:
- zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230:
- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232:
- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234:
- 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236:
- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238:
- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240:
For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242:
Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244:
- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246:
- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
Page 247 and 248:
- 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250:
Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252:
- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254:
Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258:
Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260:
CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262:
Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264:
- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266:
- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268:
Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270:
- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
Page 271 and 272:
Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
Page 273 and 274:
- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
Page 275 and 276:
'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
Page 277 and 278:
Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280:
- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
Page 281 and 282:
- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
Page 283 and 284:
(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
Page 285 and 286:
TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287:
tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
show all

Rt€@lll

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?