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Date - 225 Table 5 : Shipping casualties in the Strails of Singapore (after Finn et g!, L979i Kantaatmadja' l9&I) Name of sfrip Type (Tmnage) Cause Lcation Comments 06.0I.75 Showa Maru Tanker (27t,698) Grounding r5.0r.75 L};"",nil"'"[*" +ilH iLi?;i|? couision 05.U.75 Mysella rs.04.75 IT;#t:,"" L4.M.7i f,"ffj |Hjl" tO.06.75 Liengku 17.o7.7s N:';i"' "*" 24.LO.75 Sea[iger n.LO.l, Kriti Sun LL. 12.7 5 ["fl "il "o ",, ""u, I lil "J L7.O5.76 26,07.76 o6,w.76 Margo Georg Hanake Forresbank Mareva A.5. Soyakaze Marrita E. Citta di Savona 26.10.76 Philippine Star Eso Spain Tanker (212,159) Grounding Tanker \t!?,_79_o_)_. Collision Tanker (152,015) Freighter F reighter Freighter Tanker (251r%6) Freighter Tanker (L2rr69J) Tanker (Izt,tt84) Freighter Freighter Frcighter Freighter Freighten F reighter "fltl?fl, Tanken (64,805) Tanker Tanker (81,827) Collision Collision Collision Collision, grounding Struck by lightning rr'c o r r is i on Collision Collision Collision Collision Buffalo Rck, 7r7fi1 tom oil off Singapore spitbd Outside of Izuzugawa Maru Singapore Port had cargo of crude limits oil; no spillage lol2'04'rN 21000 toru oil IOf o50'54"E epillad I mile south of Tca Maru broke SLJotrnrs Island in two and sank Eastern Roads, Singapore Malacca Straits Ship sank 10l5r0J"N Neissei Maru had 104o09'0J"E cargo of crude oil 4.8 km south of SL Johnrs Island Singryore Port Estern anchorage, Singapore Eagtern anchorage, Singapore Eastern anchorage, Singapore Off St. John's Island Eastern anchorage, Singapore Savone ard Ster had cargc of crude oil; Irll00 torn oil pilled Table 6 : Oil spills by shipping aceidents in Philippine waters in 1978 (afler Ganez' 1978) Name of Vessel/Cornpany Ceuse Date Lcation AGEP Wood Preserving Div. William Lines rnoior vessel Compania Maritima vessel Motorized banca (Samasco) MoLorized tank (Las Vivas) Barge (Luzon Stevedoring) Motorized tank (Las Vivas) Barge (Luzon Stevedoring) Barge (Luzon Stevedoring) Buge (Luzon S[evedoning) Motorized tank (C. Robles) Barge (Sealink lnc.) Discharge to Pasig River ]-4 drums brnker oil Waste oil spillage Weste oil spill 20 gallons Waste oil spill 20-10 gallons Discharge of waste oil Spillage of 4rfi)0 barrels of auto turbo fuel Oil spill due to gnounding Spill of 7r[I)0 barrels of premium gasoline by sinking Spill of bunker oil (srd 20,000 bags fertilizer) due to grounding Bunker oil spill by grounding Oil spill due to sinking Spill of lr}00 barrels lubo oil due to sinking L2.M.78 19.05.78 20.05.78 22,05.78 06.08.78 27.8.78 27.W.78 27.09.78 09.10.78 09.10.78 r0.10.78 14.1t.78 Pasig River Iloilo Riven North Harbor, Manila Bauan, Batangas Shell-Betangas Bay Bataan Refining Co. Lamao, Bataan Bataan Refining Co. Bataan Refining Co. Lamao, Bataan Manila Bay Manila Bay Bataan Refining Co. Pasig River
- 224 Oil released during deballasting qerations is in produces tarry residues and tanballs. Figure 4 shows to eastbound tanker traffic and surface currents. $+ t'a{{.--_-.:in (after Nasu et al., L975) ".qii:;*.b.i* i::rrl-. the form of tar lunps and weathering the distribution of oil lunps in relation Figure 4 : Oil lumps, trensport of oil, end surface currents in South and Est Asia .o Few oil lunps o Many oil lunps ::i:> Transport of oil (width indicates amount) -.j Average zurface currents s^ Border between currents The Straits of Lonbok, the Straits of Macassar and the Celebes Sea are an alternative route for Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC, over )00,000 dwt) sailing to Japan and the West coast of America, both because of the physical environment in the Straits of Malacca and because of the characteristics of vessels involved in the oil trade between the Western Pacific and the Middle East. In 1975, three ULCCs, the "Globtik Lmdon" (48t1960 dwt), the "Globtik Tokyo" (48tr84 dwt) and the "Nisseki Maru" 0721698 dwt) sailed through these watens in addition to the 25 to )0 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC,200,000-100,000 dwt) and I00 to 150 tankers that transiL these waters each monLh (Hayes' 1979). Refineries and production fields There are numerous loading ports, pnoduction fields and refinenies located alorrg the coast of the Strails of Malacca and adjacent to the Straits of Singapore. Twelve coastal nefineries with a total output of over 1,4O0,000 barrels per stream day are located on the coast of Streits of Malacca and Singapore. Pont Dumai in east Sumatra is one of the world's biggest crude oil exporting terminals. In I97l it exported 2,5 million tons of crude oil (Finn et al. 1979). Along the coast of the southern part of the South China Sea there are 8 ref ineries having a total capaciLy of 445,000 barrels per stream day.
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
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-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
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-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
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-4r of real improvements must be pa
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mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
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-45 The changes described above can
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ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
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Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
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-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
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-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
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AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
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SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
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-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
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Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
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pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
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u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
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-8I in longline fishing effort woul
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-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
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-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
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-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
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Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
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- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
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- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
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- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
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lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
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-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
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-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
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Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
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Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
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2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
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Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
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- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
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Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
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- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
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Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
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- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
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- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170: - l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172: - 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174: - 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176: - rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178: Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180: Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182: - l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184: - 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186: Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188: I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190: BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192: - Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194: Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196: - r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198: - r99 A growing eause f or concern
Page 199 and 200: - 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202: - 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204: - 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206: - 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
Page 207 and 208: - 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210: - 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212: - 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214: - 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216: - 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218: Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219: Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 223 and 224: - 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226: - 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228: - zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230: - 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232: - 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234: - 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236: - 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238: - 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240: For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242: Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244: - 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246: - 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
Page 247 and 248: - 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250: Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252: - 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254: Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256: - 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258: Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260: CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262: Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264: - 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266: - 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268: Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270: - 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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