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- r48 In addition to using petroleum fuels directly, induslry and commerce €re the main users of eleetrical energy. ln Fiji, with 16% of the domestic sector households electrified,8096 of electrical energy generated is used in the industrial/commercial sector (Table 4). By industrialized country standards, the peak demands are very small, with mly Fiji and Papua New Guinea needing rnore then l0 MW peak in 1981. Tlc small demand has nEant that until recently dmost all electricity generated has been from oil-fired diesel resulting in high generation costs. Though the charges for electricity in the region are also quite high, the 1982 P.E.P. report noted bhat mly two governncnts recovered costs (Newcombe, f982). Such a subsidy to electricity consunnrs obviously does not encourege the implementation of energy saving rreasures, or allow for economic'substitution of alternative energy sources. As in the rest of the world the opportunities for energy savings by efficient use of electrieal energy are great. Lloyd (f981) reported that the electrical energy consurnption of the School of Natural Resources building at USP could be halved by better use of air conditioning, lighting and hot water heating. Tuvalu Cook Islands Niue Kiribati Tmga Vanuatu Weetern Samoa Solomons Papua New Guinea Fiji Table 4 : Electricity (1981) 96 Households Electrif ied (estimales) N.A. 75% 75''f l5% 4096 l0% 28% 10% 5% t6% t Peak Demand M.W. 0. Il 1.9 o.6 0.9 2.I t.2 5.9 t.4 79.1 62.O Tarif f U5$/kwh . l0-. t8 .t8-.]l .2r .28 .19-.22 . 12-.40 .?4 .r9-.28 .r7 -.t9 .18 Hydroelectricity is the other main source of electricity production al present (Table 5). As can be seen perhaps five of the programme counLries have potential for hydroelectric generation, with Papua New Guinea by for the largest. Fiji has jusl completed Lhe first stage of ils hydroelectric scheme at Monosavu. Tuvalu Cook Islands Niue K iribati Tmga Vanuatu Western Samoa Solomon Islands Fiji Papua New Guinea Table 5 : Hydnoelectric potential Installed Potential 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8-r.5 MW 0.07 Mw 40 MW 10 MW 0 0 0 0 N.A. 4.5 MW N.A. N.A. (7t0 MW) 280 MW 21,000 MW Other potential sources are biomass for small steam plants, wood gasification, coconut. oil fueled diesels and to a limited extent wind. More exotic altennatives such as ocean thermal enerqy conversion (O.T.E.C.) or wave systems need furthen evaluation in developed countries before deployment in the Pacific Islands. In summary, to realize the full enefgy poten[ial of the region, it will be necessary to deal with both the oil companies and the open fire.
I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r. Ehctrioal energy'comurption by SNR building at USP. Internal Repont. Lloyd, C. R., (et al.). n.d. Nandi-Lautoke suivcy. Internal Report. Neweombe, K. 1982. Pecifiq Energy proglamme. lnternal Report. Neweombe, K', (et ,al.). 1982. An snalysis of some energy 'issues ln Pryrrre Neur Guinea lgBZ. P*ific Energy Progr€mrne" lflternsl Report. S'iwatibeu! Susana. 1978' A surv'ey of domeslie rural energy uee and potential in Fiii. Centre for Applled Studies in Devehprne=nt, University of the Sqtth Pacific, Suva, FiJi. Zin p.,
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
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-t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
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-t9 The efforts commenced throughou
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-4r of real improvements must be pa
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mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
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-45 The changes described above can
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ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
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Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
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-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
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-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
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AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
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SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
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-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
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Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
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pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
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u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
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-8I in longline fishing effort woul
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-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
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-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
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-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98: -96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100: -98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102: Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104: - r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106: - 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108: - 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110: lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112: -IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114: -LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116: Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118: Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
Page 119 and 120: - 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122: 2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
Page 123 and 124: - rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 125 and 126: 125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128: Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130: - L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132: Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134: - Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136: Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138: - Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140: - 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142: - l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144: - L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
Page 145 and 146: t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
Page 147: - I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
Page 151 and 152: - L52 The report of lhe Technical G
Page 153 and 154: - r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
Page 155 and 156: - 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
Page 157 and 158: - r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160: - 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162: Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
Page 163 and 164: - L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
Page 165 and 166: Environmental Aesesgment Component
Page 167 and 168: - L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170: - l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172: - 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174: - 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176: - rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178: Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180: Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182: - l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184: - 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186: Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188: I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190: BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192: - Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194: Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196: - r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198: - r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
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Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
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- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
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- zto The following nrethods were u
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- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
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- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
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- 256 The biggest problem associale
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- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
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- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
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For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
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Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
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- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
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- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
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Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
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- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
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Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
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Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
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Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
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- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
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Other areas with important pollutio
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- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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