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-15 It is possible to eeLablish some general guidelines for adapting ecosystem management to islands. lntegration of development needs and multiple use of resources are essential on an island. Land ereas are too limited m all but the largest islands !o permit the allocation of aignificant land areas to single uses as is commonly done on continents. For instance, agricultural land may need to be managed simultaneously for water catchment and as habitat for an endangered bird species, with the development of the land being modified to be compatible with its other roles. Many overtapping uses of the same area or resource will be the rule. Planning will need to look at the island as a whole, to ensure that all needa of man and the natural environment are provided for, and to prevent any one activity from threatening other essenlial resources. This may require modification of the land tenure and land use systems and legislation imported by colonial governrnents which have tended to define ownership in absolute'rall or nothing" terms. What islands need are epproaches closer to msny traditional land tenure systems, where, within a general context of family or tribal ownership, it was possible to hold certain limited rights, zuch as to farm for the duration of the crop, to hunt or io collect building materials. Such systems encouraged multiple compatible uses, and allowed greater flexibility and efficiency in land use. For instance, rotating gardens and extended fallows allowed traditional agriculture to respect the limited fertility of many island soils. Development has concentrated many human activities in the coastal zone, creating resource use conflicts. Such zones must be managed as an integrated system to ensure that terrestrial development is compatible with reef and lagoon managemenl. The scattered isolated nature of island communities places more responsibility for environrnental management at the local level, and prevents the kind of centralization common in the governrnent structures and bureaucracies of continental developed countnies. Traditionally most small island communities had their own experts on fishing, farming, the forests, liand use, etc., but colonization and modern systems of education have broken down these traditional systems and prevented the transmission of lraditional knowledge to succeeding generations. It will be necessary to recreate this local expertise, bringing it together wilh a modern scientif ic understanding of resource management. The inherenL limits of the island situation will make it recessary to restrici some kinds of development. Toxic and hazardous chemical use, for instance, must be restricted ot prohibited where a single accident could contaminate an entire lagoon or water supply. Single crop agriculture may be too vulnerable given the inherent variability in many island environments; extensive land clearing and uncovering of soils may damage waler catchments and produce irreparable soil loss. Many modern technologies are inappnopriate in an island context where they have a short useful life and are beyond the maintenance capabilities of small island communities. Tley are only a waste of capital and foreign exchange. Fon example, a rnodern automobile designed for driving all day on a superhighway may rust out in one to two years after going 101000 km on an atoll with l0 km of road and a speed limit of 40 km/hr. Other types of development may solve long-standing island problems and should be encouraged. Modern communications technologies may permit creative solutions redueing the isolation of island communities. Microcomputers may similarly be able to comperrsate in some ways for the lack of specialization inherent in small island societies. Such approaches working towards the sustainable management of island ecosystems and towards appropriate development within island limits should help to reverse the lrend towards decreasing island self-sufficiency and permit island people to face the future with confidence and dignity.
-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regional ecosystems survey sf the Ssuth paeif.ie arEE. Teehnical paper No, f79. South P'ac.ific Commigsion, Nournea, N'u"r Cale-donia. 99 p D"l!'} ! Td L L Beurngart, 1982, The state of the €n:yironinerrt in rhe Sor.rth paoifi.c. p. 47'7I- [n South Pacific Regional Environrrrent Fmgramrnei Report of lhe Conrerenee m lhe HurnEn Eivfronmen! in the So-uth Pacific, R:ierotong-e, CoJk Islbnds, g-ll Mareh I9gZ. South Paeifie Conmisaion, Nountea, New Galedonia. ngp;irfteO m UNEp n"qibn"t Eeas neporis and Studies, Nb. ,t (l9B')". MdeArth0nr R. H. srd E. Oi Wilson. 1967. The theqry of island biogeography. Frinoelon Universlly Press, Princetgn, New Jersey,. ZOf p.
Page 1 and 2: @) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
Page 3 and 4: a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
Page 5 and 6: L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
Page 7 and 8: -I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
Page 9 and 10: TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
Page 11 and 12: Immediate priorities -5 The Action
Page 13 and 14: DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
Page 15 and 16: -9 On the other hand, if any collec
Page 17 and 18: -tr Working through the list in rev
Page 19 and 20: -tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
Page 21: -15 Islands, of course, vary in the
Page 25 and 26: ?r) The si tuation is very differen
Page 27 and 28: -22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
Page 29 and 30: -24 Other examples of this form of
Page 31 and 32: _26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
Page 33 and 34: -29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
Page 35 and 36: -tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
Page 37 and 38: -t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40: -t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48: mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56: -51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58: -5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60: AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62: c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64: SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72: u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
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-8I in longline fishing effort woul
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-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
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-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
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-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
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Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
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- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
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- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
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- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
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lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
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-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
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-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
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Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
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Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
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2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
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Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
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- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
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Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
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- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
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Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
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- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
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- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
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- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
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- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
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Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
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Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
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- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
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I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
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- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
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- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
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Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
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- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
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- zto The following nrethods were u
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- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
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- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
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- 256 The biggest problem associale
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- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
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- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
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For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
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Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
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- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
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- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
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Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
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- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
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Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
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- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
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Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
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Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
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- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
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Other areas with important pollutio
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- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287:
tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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