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-9I greater coveralle, such as the numerous well-developed reefs in the Pacific. Productivities of iU species exjmined by Lewis appeared to be higher than those of many other benthic invertebrates. An important implication of this study is that there exists a considerable resource of food energy available for higher trophic levels. A good example of how the naturally high productivity of coral reefs is translated in[o economically important harvestable biomass is the production of various other inventebrates and of fish. Invertebrate groups harvested for subsistence, commercial, or recreational purposes are gastropods, bivalves, shrimps, lobsters, squid, octopus, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. A number of studies exist that determine the potential productivity of these different groups, zuch as that of Richard (1981) who focused his investigation on mollusc species in ?rench Polynesia of potential commercial value. He determined annual potential productivities of Tridacne maxima, Cardium fraqum, and Tectarius Tectarius qrandinatus to be 12 .qranginqtus .to be LZ -lo/na. Ls/na, 460 kg/ha ko/ha E?-Tf 6d TI klfral-respec- kq/Fa,-respectively. Similar studies conducted also in French Polynesia are outlined in Ricard et al. (I977). Estimates of fish production vary, but all indicate that significant amounts may be harvested from coral reefs. Numbers of fish on reefs may be 5 to 15 times the number in representative North Atlantic fishing grounds, and twice the average in typical temperate laies (Lewis, 1977). After briefly evaluating the different approaches to the study of coral reef productivity in terms of fisheries yield, Marshall (1979) arrived at a figure of f-5 tons of finfish harvested annually per sguare kilometre. This estimate has now been questioned as being low in view of a number of npre recent studies. Enploying a variety of methods, dif f erent authors (Alcala, I979i Carpenter, I977; Murdy and Ferraris, 1980) have drawn up figures for lhe fisheries potential of Philippine coral reefs. Contributions of coral reef fishes were estimated to range from I to over 20% of the total fisheries catch of the country. In some localities in the "central Visayan islands, catch estimates have been determined to be as high as 14-27 tons/km'/yr (Alcala 1979). As a companison, coral reef f isheries in seven trgpical Pacif ic islands were f ound to have productivities ranging from 0.09 to I8 tons/kn-lyr (Mbrten and Polovina' 1982). Tfe reef iish"ry contributes a significant percentage (10%) to lotal fish landed on the west coast of Sabah (Langham and Mathias, 1977). On the east coast of Malaysia, some 35% of all fish landed can be regarded as "reef -sssociaLed" (Rashid, 1980). Reef fish in Palau appear to have a potential harvest of 2r000-IIr(I)0 tons per year, which is of the same maqnitude as the ofishore tuna harvest. This relation appears to hold true for Micronesia as a whole (Johannes, 1977). Country data for reef and lagoon fish indicate that these constitute 29% of Lhe commercialized local fishery in the South Pacific (salvat' 1980), although this estimate does not incorporate eontributions to the fishery from zubsistence fishing. Salvat estimates a yield of 100rff)0 tons/yr for the South Pacific. The impbrtance of coral reef fisheries on a world gcale was evelueted by Smith (f978). After extrapolating data for Caribbean and western North Atlantic fisheries to the world's reefs, he estimated the potential yield of reef-related figheries to be near 996 of total commercial fish landings. In view of the rnore recent studies' this figure probably needs to be adjusted upwards. DISTRIBUTION OF REEFS IN THE PACIFIC The distribution of coral reefs in the tropical Pacific is limited by the 20oC isotherms north end souih of the equator, and extends from East Asia to the Pacific coast of the Anrericas. Thls ia a vas! expanse of oeean, covering approximatety ll0 million square kilometres (Welle, L969), in which the thinly scattered islands are but ncre specks. That these islands are able to support a diversity, and often en abundancer d life is due to a fortuitous combination of factors, snong wtrich coral reefs figure prominently. The coral reef ia a principal ecologieal zme of both high and low islands (Mason, 1969), and in rnany cases constitutes their primary building block. Ttr combined areg of reefe in the South Pacific has been egtimated to be arotyrd 77,mO squere kilometres (Smith f978I The North Pacif ic hes a gimilar figqe (76rm0 km') while Southeast Asia (including northern Austrelia) accounts for 182,(tr0 km-. Coral thug makeg up a great portion of Pacific ielands, either by active growth of the reef iteelf, or by the eccumuletion of reef debrig by nnchanical forcee such as waves and currentg.
-92 Biogeographic provinces in the South Pacific and the reef types that occur in eaeh are ghown in Table 2. Sunmary descriptive information on each island in the dif ferent biogeographic provinces (excluding New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands) is provided in the Draft Cfeck List of Pacific Oceanic Islands by Douglas (1969) based ffi the work by E.H. Bryan. Table 2 : Occurrenca of reef types in the biogeographic provinces of the South Pacific (frcim Dahl, 1980) Biogeographic hovinces Biomes/Habitats I l.lew Guinea n Bbnerk Archipclago Ill Solornon lslen& ry l{cw Caledonh - Loyalty V l{cw thbridcs - Sontr Cruz VI Norfotk - lord Ho*t - Kcrmrdec ur Fiji YIll Tonp-Nirr D( Semr-Wdlb X TuYrlu - Tokcleu Xl Kirib.ti - I{ruru )flI lt'lrrirnr lsbn& XIII Cerolinc lCrndr XIV l{rrshall lshndr XV Plpenix- Line- Northem Coolr XVI Cook - Austrd XVII Society lslands XVIII Tugmotu XD( Marqucsar XX Pitcdm - Grmbicr - Rapa CHARACTERISTICS OF PACIFIC ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS Uniqueness of islands siiEgggg aaaa'|tt|| aaataa a aata rlatt!ataa atata aa *t a ataartaaa ttla aaaa atattaa attaaa aatata aaatl tat a rlf a tf a a a i t aa ral I Pacif ic islands may fall under any of the following sLructural types (descriptions after Dahl, 1980; Thomas, 196l in Anon. 1959): Continental type - composed of sedimentary, metamorphic, igneous or other nocks of continental origin (occurring west of Lhe Andesite Line), and of soils derived therefrom; generally islands of large si ze wilh complex landforms. a'|l.a ta
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
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-t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48: mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56: -51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58: -5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60: AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62: c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64: SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72: u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74: 4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
Page 75 and 76: -13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78: -75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80: -77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82: lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84: -8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86: -81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88: -85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90: -87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
Page 91: -90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
Page 95 and 96: _94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98: -96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100: -98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102: Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104: - r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106: - 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108: - 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110: lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112: -IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114: -LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116: Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118: Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
Page 119 and 120: - 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122: 2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
Page 123 and 124: - rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 125 and 126: 125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128: Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130: - L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132: Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134: - Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136: Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138: - Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140: - 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142: - l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
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- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
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- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
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Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
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Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
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- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
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I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
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- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
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- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
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Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
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- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
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- zto The following nrethods were u
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- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
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- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
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- 256 The biggest problem associale
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- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
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- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
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For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
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Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
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- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
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- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
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Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
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- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
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Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
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- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
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Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
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Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
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- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
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Other areas with important pollutio
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- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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