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-i- EDITORS'NOTE This volume brings together a nurber of papers presented at the l5th Pacific Science C6ngress organized by the Pacific Science Association in Dunedinr New Zealand on f-Il February 1981. While the Congress trests scientific questions in the entire Pacific Besin, the papers collected in this volumgrfocus on environmental problems relevant to the three regional action plan#/ sponsored bV thg United Netions Environment Programme (UNEP) es pert of its Regional Seas Prograrm€. The majority of the pspers came from sessions on Regional Co-operation on the Protection of the Environment intended to review the three Regional Seas Action Plans in the Pacific. With the kind permission of the orgenizers of the Congress, e selection of papers relevant to environmental problems in the region, originally presented in other sessions of the Congress, such as the General Symposium on Pacific Island Potentials organized by Ian L. Baumgart, are also included in this volume. It is inevitable in a collection of pspers such as this thet there is great variability emong the authors in style and epproach, perticularly since some pspera were originelly intended for orel presentation rather than publicetion. AlI, however, present points of view which are importent to e consideration of the environment and Pesources of the Pacific and the directions that development should teke in the region. While most papers are as presented at Dunedin, a few have been updated to include importent developments in Jhe months folJ.owing the Congress. A summary of discussions at the Congress on inter-regional co-operation hes also been edded. It will be apparent thet there is some imbelance in the treatment of the three action plan areas. This reflects the Congress itself where papers were weighted more towerds the islands rather than the continentel margins and where participation from more distant regions, such as Latin America, wss sligtrt. The pspers flrom South-East Asia and South America . are also more technicel in epproach end more nerrowly concentreted on marine and coastal pollution problems than those from Oceenie. This reflects the different foci of their Action Plans and the greater development of their scientific capecity end deta bases. We hope that this volume will provide a useful record of environmentel understanding in the Pecific and of the increasing extent of regional co-operetion to deal with environmental problems. L/ CPPS/UNEP: Action Plan areas of the South-East UNEP, 1981. for the protection of Pscific. UNEP Regional Arthur Lyon Dahl Jeremy Cerew-Reid the marine environment and coastel Seas Reports end Studies No. 2A. UNIPI Action Plan for the protection and developnent of the marine and coastal aFeas of the Eest Asian region. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 24. UNEP, 1981. SPC/SPEC/ESCAP/UNIP: Action Plan for managing the neturol resources and envitonment of the South Pacific reqion. UNfP Regionel Seas Reports and Studjes No. 29. UNEP, 1981. Z/ UNfPI Achievements and planned developnent of UNIP's Regional Sees pnogrerrune and comparable programmes sponsored by other bodies. UNFP Regionel sees Reports and Studies No. l. UNEP, 1982.
L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGION I I The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme t Arthur Lyon Dahl -' ' Develement theorieg in the Pacific lelend contaxt 7 Ken W. Piddington I'he potential for management of isl€nd acoyrtems Lt Arthur Lyon Dahl Agriculture, size and digtance in Prcific lsland futurer 19 R. Gerard Ward People potentials in the Pacific 29 Mere Pulea A perrpective on human health and ita irplicationr for the potsntlsl of the t7 Pacific Region Ian Prior Pacific IsliBnds' hydrogeology and watar qudity 57 W. R. Dale and B. C. Waterhouee Pollution probbms in the South Pacific fertilizer:, biocideg weter urpplica 69 and urban westeg R. J. Morrison and .} Brodie Fishery potentials in the trqical centrd and wertern Pacific 7, Robert Keanney The chellenge of conaerving and managing coral reef ecolystcmr 85 Arthur Lyon Dahl Coral reefs in the Pacific - their potentials and their limitatiom 89 Edgardo D. Gsnez and Helen T. Yap Forestry in the South Paeific - how and for whom? 107 S. D. Richardson lropical forestry in Melenesia and eome Pacific lrlendg tI5 K. D. Marten tineral r,-.:rJjl?jr"f the eouthwest Pacific IsLends L29 Energy potentials of Pacific Island nationc 14, C. R. Lloyd and Suliana Siwatibau Radioactivity in the South Pecific Region l5l M. P, Bacon, G. Lambert, T. A. Rafter, J. I. Samisoni and D. J' Stevene Legal meeaure8 for irplementation of environrnentel policier in the Pacific Rcgion Lt7 Mere Pulea
Page 1 and 2: @) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
Page 3: a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
Page 7 and 8: -I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
Page 9 and 10: TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
Page 11 and 12: Immediate priorities -5 The Action
Page 13 and 14: DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
Page 15 and 16: -9 On the other hand, if any collec
Page 17 and 18: -tr Working through the list in rev
Page 19 and 20: -tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
Page 21 and 22: -15 Islands, of course, vary in the
Page 23 and 24: -r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
Page 25 and 26: ?r) The si tuation is very differen
Page 27 and 28: -22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
Page 29 and 30: -24 Other examples of this form of
Page 31 and 32: _26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
Page 33 and 34: -29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
Page 35 and 36: -tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
Page 37 and 38: -t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40: -t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48: mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56:
-51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58:
-5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60:
AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
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c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64:
SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
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-62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
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Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
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pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
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u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
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4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
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-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
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-77 transition into depths exceedin
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lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84:
-8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86:
-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88:
-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90:
-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
Page 95 and 96:
_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
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Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104:
- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106:
- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108:
- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110:
lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112:
-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114:
-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116:
Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
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Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
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2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128:
Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130:
- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
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Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134:
- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
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Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138:
- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
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- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144:
- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160:
- 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162:
Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
Page 163 and 164:
- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
Page 167 and 168:
- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170:
- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172:
- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174:
- 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176:
- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178:
Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182:
- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184:
- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188:
I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192:
- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196:
- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202:
- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204:
- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206:
- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
Page 207 and 208:
- 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210:
- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212:
- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214:
- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216:
- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218:
Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219 and 220:
Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 221 and 222:
- 224 Oil released during deballast
Page 223 and 224:
- 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226:
- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228:
- zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230:
- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232:
- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234:
- 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236:
- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238:
- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240:
For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242:
Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244:
- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246:
- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250:
Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252:
- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254:
Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258:
Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262:
Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264:
- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268:
Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270:
- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
Page 271 and 272:
Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
Page 275 and 276:
'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
Page 277 and 278:
Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280:
- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
Page 281 and 282:
- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
Page 285 and 286:
TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287:
tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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