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-89 CM,AL REEFS IN TI-E PACIFIC - TI-EIR POTENTIALS A}O T}IEIR LIMITATIO{S E. D. Gomez and l-t T. Yap Marine Sciences Center, University of the Philippines Dilimen, Guezon City, Philippines ABSTRACT The hiqh productivily of coral reefs is generally recognized. Available data indicate appreciable yields in terms of fish biomass, although significant quantities of seaweeds, nnlluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms are also harvested. Coral reef s are a principal ecological zone in virtually all islands of the tropical Pacific. In characterizing the potenlials and limitations of lhese resources, the uniqueness and physical variability of island systems must be recognized. Of particular relevance is the fragility of small island systems due to isolation, size, and the semi-enclosed character of the reefs. Human popula[ions are a primary factor to consider. Up till the early twentieth century, subsistence eeonomies were the rule in rrpst Pacific island communities which depended on reef resources to varying degrees. In the island economy as a whole, however, the latter were mly secondary relative to produce from the land. Even then, rnarine resources displayed their vulnerability and their inadequacy to eustain exploitaLion on a commerciel scale. At present, new problems arise mainly from the transformation of subsislence economies to cash economies. These problems are associated with increasing human population, strif ts in the major spheres of economic activity, the loss of traditional management and eonservation systems, the developrnent of new reef ures s,rch es tourism, improvements in harvesting teehnology, and degradation of coral reefs d-re to human activities. The carrying capacity of reef resources thus becomes a pivotal issue. A recent promising developrnent related to the question of Pacific rcef poLentials lies in the field of mariculture. INTRODUCTION Pacific island populetions have traditionally depended m corel reefs to a great extent for their survival and livelihood. Modern developncnts have signif icantly altered the relationahips between man and reef in an increasing rumber of localities, srd even extrerely remote areas haye not been pared. The fundamental dependence of human populations in the Pacific m their reef reaources, however, remains. Tlc prerent paper attenpts to explore a rumber of factorg relevant to these issues. Discussion focucaes sr the countrieg and territorieg of the South Pacific, specifieally, those within the jurisdiction of the South Pmific Commiseion. NATI'RAL PRODUCTIVITY OF CORAL REEFS Ccal rsefs ere rccognized to be gnong tha moct productive natural cccyrtemr in the world (Grigg, ]979; Mamh, 1976; Sdvat, l98l). Rater of prirnery prodrctivity range from J00 to 5{100 gClm-lyt, rrhich erc af high l in the rrst fartile watoB (Lewir, 1977\ Valuee from dlffcrant E6y.tcm! ec drown In Tabb l. Productivity in the vsriou! reaf hebitata is mt unlform, bwevcr. Sonc rosf ccolytttmr axhiblt ralativaly low productivitiee, qrc*r r csrtain
-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South Pacific (Ricard end Delesalle, l98I). Inportant primary producers in coral reefs are the macroalgae, the symbiotic zooxanthellae, and the fine filamentous forms inhabiting the substrste (Marsh, f976I Table L : Primary production values for pelagic, benthic and terrestrial ecosystems Habitat Pelagic Marine North Sea English Channel Lmg Island Sound Sargasso Sea (Oligotrophic) Peru Current (Eutrophic) F reshwater Oligotrophic lekes Eutrophic lakes Sewage treatment ponds, California Benthic, littoral, and Ctallow water Marine Algal bedsr Nova Scotia Algel community, CanarY Isles Kelp community Nova Seotia Tmpieal marine grass beds Coral reef Estuarine and brackish water Spartina marsh, Georgia Terrestrial Field grassr Minnesota Sugar cane, Java Woodland deciduous Birch Alder Woodland coniferous Source: Crisp, 1975 in Lewisr 1977. Biomass Production ,, (qC/m') (gc/m'lyear) t.5 2 I 0.87 I4 24 r500 630 265 ?260 L96 280 84; 4t5 740 640 1700 1760 1400 1840 r00 Lt5 470 r]4 t650 7 -25 75-250 r800 Author Steele (f956) Harvey (1950) Riley (1955) Menzel & Ryther (f96I) Menzel et al.(I97I) Lund (1970) Lund (1970) Goulake et al. (1960) 92O MacFarlane $952) ,8J6 Johnston (1969) 1750 Mann (1972) 4550 Odum FrT. (1956), Burkholder et al. (1959) 2100 Gasim & Bhattaghiri (197I), Moore et al. (1968) 4200 Odum & Odum (1955) 29OO Kohn & Helfrich (1957) lt?:l Odum, E.P. (f96f) 52O Smalley (1960) 1600 After Westlake (1961) 43O McFadyen (f964) 500 Golley (1960) 140 Bray et al. (1959) t45O Giltay (1898) 425 Ovington & Madgewick (1959) 785 Ovington (1956) 800 Ovington (1957) High productivity values are also evident in. the higher trophic levels, such ss in the case of lhe'coral animals themselves (Lewis, 198f). High nates of production for the latter are extremely significant because there are grounds for considering them to be the I'key industry'r forms i; coral reefs, i.e., the most important channels through which matter and energy f low. Lewis discovered certejn eommon reef coralg in lhe Atlantic to have proai"tivities of just over 1000 keal/m'/yr, Since this value is representative of only )9% coral cover, then productivity rates may be expected to be much higher in reef areas of
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@) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
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a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
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L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
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-I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
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TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
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Immediate priorities -5 The Action
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DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
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-9 On the other hand, if any collec
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-tr Working through the list in rev
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-tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
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-15 Islands, of course, vary in the
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-r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
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?r) The si tuation is very differen
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-22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
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-24 Other examples of this form of
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_26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
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-29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
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-tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
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-t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40: -t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48: mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56: -51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58: -5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60: AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62: c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64: SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72: u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74: 4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
Page 75 and 76: -13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78: -75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80: -77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82: lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84: -8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86: -81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88: -85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89: -87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
Page 93 and 94: -92 Biogeographic provinces in the
Page 95 and 96: _94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98: -96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100: -98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102: Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104: - r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106: - 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108: - 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110: lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112: -IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114: -LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116: Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118: Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
Page 119 and 120: - 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122: 2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
Page 123 and 124: - rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 125 and 126: 125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128: Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130: - L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132: Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134: - Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136: Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138: - Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140: - 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
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- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
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- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
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t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
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I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
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- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
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- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
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- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
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- 160 Further, in keeping with the
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Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
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- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
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- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
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- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
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Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
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Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
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- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
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Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
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I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
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BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
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- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
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Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
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- r97 the variations in fish abunda
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- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
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- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
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- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
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- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
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- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
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- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
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- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
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- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
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Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
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- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
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- zto The following nrethods were u
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- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
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- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
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- 256 The biggest problem associale
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- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
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- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
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For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
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Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
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- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
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- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
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Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
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- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
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Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
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- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
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Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
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CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
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Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
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- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
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- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
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Other areas with important pollutio
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- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
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Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
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'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
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Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
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- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
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- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
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TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
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tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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