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t! 9e ;5 9 ? F Ec= -l s* rl I j ^HF-c. d ? E o C) Itt o o. I f I -uJ F to xFr tY O) -LlJe U tdg* O 6 :T El : ' = 3 t o rll -14
-15 Islands, of course, vary in the number and richness of their ecosystems depending m their size, form, orijin *O augr"u of isolation. Low coral abolls present a more- limited set of environments tnan -hign volca-nic islands, which are in turn generally less rich that large islends of continentai origin. Each island, therefore, has unique features that make it difficult lo extrapolate deiailed management plans or approaches from elsewhere' Vulnerability Island ecosystems are particularly noted for their fragility and their susceptibility to degradation. They have evolved in isolation, often from a limited number of accidental spJcies introductions or, in the case of continental islands, from primitive_encestral stocks' prcdators were few and the need for competitiveness or defenses limited. The equilibrium of introducLions and extincLions was determined by island size and isolation, among other factors. Island biogeographic theory predicts that any reduction in the area of a community or habitat will lead to -simplif ication and the loss of species (MacArthur and Wilson, L967). To date, modern manrs "managementrr of island ecosystems has been largely negativet destroying nagural systems and convlrting them to other uses or leaving them as abandoned wastelands. Forests are cut, cleared or burned; soil is exposed to erosion by wind and rain; aggressive species are introduced and run rampani. At times all that is left is worthless land U6iety supporting worthless plants. Where mineral resources are present they are mined' leaving a'rocky desert behind, and the wastes are often dunped in the nearest tiver. Sane islands such as Banaba (ocaan Island) have been so degraded by mining [hat their populations have had to be evacuated. In the lagoon and on the reef, people fish with dynamite and poison, dredge and fill, spill [oxic chemicals and oil, and let their wastes push ecosystems to [n" point of collapse. 'Tite number of natural areas protected from zuch degradation in parks and 'reserves is piiif uuy small in relation to the need (Dahl, 1980). The recent report m the State of the Environrnent in the South Pacific, prepared by the South pacif ic Regional Environment Programme (Dahl and Baumgar[, 1982)r has documented how widespread zuch damage has become throughou[ the Pacific Islands. It is thus imperative that we learn to manage island ecosystems if the resource base for human development and even grrvival m the islands is not to be damaged or destroyed. lsland environmental manaqement Management of an ecosystem means actively intervening in the - composition or functioning -ot tn" system to achieve certain ends. Such management is particularly justif ied on islands where human activity has degraded or destabilized an ecosystem to the point that it can no longer recover m its own. The goal of management should be .to restore the ecosystem to its natural sLate, or at least to maintain its desirable and useful qualities in spite of the changed condiLions brought about by human use. For instance, if a forest tree d'epends m fruit Lating pigeons for its seed dispersal and lhe pigeons have been hunted to exiinction, then artificial seed dispersal or planting of [he tree would be necessary Lo ensure its survival. Management might equally involve exterminating introduced pest speciest breeding an endangeied or exploited species in captivity and releasing the young in the wild' or recreating vegetation where it has been destroyed. Ecosystem resource management is inevitably constrained by island limits and by our lack of adeguate scientific understanding of many island ecosysLems. Effective management must respect and balance both eeological imperatives and economic constraints. lt must be part of development, aiming to achleve the goals of development in terms of zustainable human betterment. it must also complement the social and cultural dimensions of each island society. This will be difficult, and we are far from having all the answers. Sorne interesLing approaches now being tried in the Pacific Islands may show possible directions for new mJnagement strategies. These include small scale villaqe-level forestry projects in Vanuatu, agno--forestry expJrimenls in Papua New Guinea, and rotatinq coral reef reserves in New CaleJonia and Hawaii. Training maierials Lo strengthen natural resource management at the village level are being developed with the zupport of the South Pacific RegiJnal Environment Pr6gramme. Tfre revival of traditional manaqement techniques is also being encouraged.
Page 1 and 2: @) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
Page 3 and 4: a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
Page 5 and 6: L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
Page 7 and 8: -I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
Page 9 and 10: TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
Page 11 and 12: Immediate priorities -5 The Action
Page 13 and 14: DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
Page 15 and 16: -9 On the other hand, if any collec
Page 17 and 18: -tr Working through the list in rev
Page 19: -tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
Page 23 and 24: -r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
Page 25 and 26: ?r) The si tuation is very differen
Page 27 and 28: -22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
Page 29 and 30: -24 Other examples of this form of
Page 31 and 32: _26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
Page 33 and 34: -29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
Page 35 and 36: -tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
Page 37 and 38: -t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40: -t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45 and 46: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 47 and 48: mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figu
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56: -51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58: -5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60: AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62: c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64: SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72:
u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74:
4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
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-13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78:
-75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80:
-77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82:
lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84:
-8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86:
-81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88:
-85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90:
-87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
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-90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
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-92 Biogeographic provinces in the
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_94 Variability in the physical, ch
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-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
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-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102:
Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
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- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106:
- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108:
- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110:
lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112:
-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114:
-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116:
Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118:
Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
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- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122:
2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
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125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128:
Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
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- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132:
Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134:
- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136:
Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138:
- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140:
- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142:
- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144:
- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
Page 145 and 146:
t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
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- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
Page 149 and 150:
I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
Page 151 and 152:
- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
Page 153 and 154:
- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
Page 155 and 156:
- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
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- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160:
- 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162:
Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
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- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
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- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170:
- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172:
- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
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- 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176:
- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178:
Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
Page 181 and 182:
- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184:
- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186:
Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188:
I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190:
BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192:
- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194:
Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196:
- r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198:
- r99 A growing eause f or concern
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- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202:
- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204:
- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206:
- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
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- 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210:
- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212:
- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214:
- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216:
- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218:
Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
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Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
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- 224 Oil released during deballast
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- 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226:
- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228:
- zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230:
- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232:
- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234:
- 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236:
- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238:
- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240:
For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242:
Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244:
- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246:
- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
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- 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250:
Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252:
- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254:
Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258:
Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260:
CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262:
Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264:
- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266:
- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268:
Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270:
- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
Page 271 and 272:
Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
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- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
Page 275 and 276:
'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
Page 277 and 278:
Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280:
- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
Page 281 and 282:
- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
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(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
Page 285 and 286:
TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287:
tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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