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-42 commitment with increased technical and financial e.rpport could be of enormous value particularly to the developing countries. Many of the Pacific countries come into this category and this will test the strengths of the Pacific Way as we move towards the year 2000. Chronic non-infectuous diseases - the diseases of affluence These conditions ere of partictilar importanee in the Pacific because of the wide variation in extent and distribution they demonstrate in diffenent populations. The past and present history of the status within the Pacific region of sJch conditions a hypertension, diabetes and gout make a fascinating study. This varying pattern in different societies and at different times gives an indication of the potential for their prevention and control which thereby broadens our perspective concerning them. The perspective on health which we are developing places considerable weight on the extraordinary range or gradient that can be seen within the Pacif ic region for certain conditions which are both imporlant, very common and a major concern as contributors to both morbidity (sickness) and to mortality in Western developed societies. Hypertension and diabetes will be discussed as examples of conditions of importance. H;pertension Hypertension is the most important contributor to stroke and one of principal risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) due to atheroma of coronary arteries. H;pertension also causes heart disease in its own right. Blood pressure patterns range from those areas where blood pressure shows little or no increase with age, such as Pukapuka in the Northern Cooks (Prior et el., 1968), parts of New Guinea (Sinnett and Whyte, L976) and the Solomons page et g!.;l974), to places grch es Rarotonga (Prior et al., 1968), Western Samoa (Zimmett 4 g!- 1980), and Nauru where blood pressure increases w-th age in ways similar to Western s66ie-[ies and diabetes rates are among the highest in the world (Zimmett et al., L977). The differing extent of hypertension can be seen in Table I where the age adjusted rates of definite hypertension (WHO criteria systolic blood pressure 150 nmHg or greater and or diasiolic pressure 95 mmHg or greater) are set out for different Pacific populations studied by the Wellington Hcpital Epidemiology Unit (Prior, L974). Table I : Definit.e hypertension age standardized rates per 1000 in different Pacific populations N.Z. Maori N.Z. Europeans Rarotonga Pukapuka Tokelau (1968) MALES FEMALES 287.6 265.9 t4t,4 ' 46.6 The age specif ic mean systolic and diastolic pressures for those edults seen in Pukapuka and in Raroionga are shown in Figure l. The contraet between the two populations in the rates of rise of blood pressure with age is well shown. 79.7 tt7.6 224.9 165.7 82.' 15t.2
mmhg t70 rco r50 t20 I roo -4t Figure I : Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures by sex Rarotonga and Pukapuka Systolic andDiastoft Blood Pressures' Rarotongo and PukaPuka t----l-----+ ------ I --""e ' J[.t* HFrrolong. ;---{Put.pult 30 ao so Bo 70020 3(, 40 5(' 60 Age in Years The Rarotongens were considerably heavier than the Pukapukane and this is well seen in Figure 2 showing the age specific rneans for males and females. Figure 2 ; Mean weights in kg by mx, Rarotonga and Pukapuka H Fsdongn 20 Agt In Ycarr L----+--- Females
Page 1 and 2: @) UtIITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROG
Page 3 and 4: a' a @) UNITED NATIONS ENVI RONMENT
Page 5 and 6: L -iii- CONTENTS SOUTH PACIFIC REGI
Page 7 and 8: -I SOTJTH PACIFTC REGIO{
Page 9 and 10: TI-E SOUTH PACIFIC REGIOT.IAL ENVIR
Page 11 and 12: Immediate priorities -5 The Action
Page 13 and 14: DEVELOPMENT THEORIES IN THE PACIFIC
Page 15 and 16: -9 On the other hand, if any collec
Page 17 and 18: -tr Working through the list in rev
Page 19 and 20: -tl THE POTENTIAL Fm, MANAGEMENT ff
Page 21 and 22: -15 Islands, of course, vary in the
Page 23 and 24: -r7 REFERENCES Dq!!, A.L 1980. Regi
Page 25 and 26: ?r) The si tuation is very differen
Page 27 and 28: -22 land for cultivation. Plantatio
Page 29 and 30: -24 Other examples of this form of
Page 31 and 32: _26 rrtnenagetnent') will become rx
Page 33 and 34: -29 PEFLE POTENTIALS IN TFE PACIFIC
Page 35 and 36: -tL TABLE 2 - Proiected inereara in
Page 37 and 38: -t3 Ssne of the Pacific countrieg r
Page 39 and 40: -t5 A rumber of features sppear to
Page 41 and 42: -t7 A PERSPECTIVE C.I I-T.JMAN I-EA
Page 43 and 44: -t9 The efforts commenced throughou
Page 45: -4r of real improvements must be pa
Page 49 and 50: -45 The changes described above can
Page 51 and 52: ot - E E 60 -47 Figure 4 Age 0 15 2
Page 53 and 54: Diabetes -49 Diabetes is a common c
Page 55 and 56: -51 Table 4 : Age-Standardized Prev
Page 57 and 58: -5t REFERENCES Finau, 9. A. S 4. l?
Page 59 and 60: AN]€X I -55 DECLARATION tr ALMA A
Page 61 and 62: c o EN Jl' (U o, ,o -ts m = o, -r,
Page 63 and 64: SL o 'or =o 60 sub s tr uc tur e |
Page 65 and 66: -62 Figure ) : Coral atoll (hslf wi
Page 67 and 68: Rain Wetar -g Srnplescollectedfromr
Page 69 and 70: pH 7.5 7.' Ca Wall Management t07 l
Page 71 and 72: u Introduction -69 POLLUTION PROBLE
Page 73 and 74: 4. 5. 7I Persirtence and Movement i
Page 75 and 76: -13 In Kiribati, however, me exarnp
Page 77 and 78: -75 FISIfRY POTENTIALS IN TI.IE TRO
Page 79 and 80: -77 transition into depths exceedin
Page 81 and 82: lrJ Ez =g P3 qB f,tl s9 LU t.
Page 83 and 84: -8I in longline fishing effort woul
Page 85 and 86: -81 REFERENCES ANONyMOUS. 1975. Rep
Page 87 and 88: -85 Tl-E cHALLEl.lcE ff coNsERvIlG
Page 89 and 90: -87 e$enlial to these peoples' surv
Page 91 and 92: -90 at,olls in bhe tropieal South P
Page 93 and 94: -92 Biogeographic provinces in the
Page 95 and 96: _94 Variability in the physical, ch
Page 97 and 98:
-96 Salvat (1980), m the other hand
Page 99 and 100:
-98 Table I : Intentional rnarine c
Page 101 and 102:
Irprcvcd hervcrtlng tcctnologicr -
Page 103 and 104:
- r02 REFERENCES Alcala, A.C. 1976.
Page 105 and 106:
- 104 Ladd, FlS. 1971. Bikini and E
Page 107 and 108:
- 106 Salvat, B. 1980. The living r
Page 109 and 110:
lndustrial Wood Demand and Supply -
Page 111 and 112:
-IIO- the survivel of agriculiure.
Page 113 and 114:
-LIz- adaptability. If that capacit
Page 115 and 116:
Il5 TR@ICAL FORESTRY IN MELANESIA A
Page 117 and 118:
Natural forest cover - r17 Even now
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 Ecologists and silvicultureli
Page 121 and 122:
2t Betrind the low-lying raised cor
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- rzt combination of metalled loggi
Page 125 and 126:
125 - The vegetation rnatrix is not
Page 127 and 128:
Ppua Ncw Guinca (Enga) Constrtlctio
Page 129 and 130:
- L29 MIi.IERAL POTENTIAL tr THE SO
Page 131 and 132:
Figure): Diagramsof Massive sulphid
Page 133 and 134:
- Ltt Table 2 : Mineral Resources o
Page 135 and 136:
Nauru - tt5 The third mejor mineral
Page 137 and 138:
- Lr7 magnetic fields - a chanacter
Page 139 and 140:
- 119 Davies' l'l L 1981. Eveluatio
Page 141 and 142:
- l4l Whalen, J.8., R. M. Britten a
Page 143 and 144:
- L4t ENERGY POTENTIALS tr PACIFIC
Page 145 and 146:
t45 Table 2 : Economics (f979-80) C
Page 147 and 148:
- I47 Realizing this, trre of the s
Page 149 and 150:
I - 149 REFERENCES Lbyd' C. R. 198r
Page 151 and 152:
- L52 The report of lhe Technical G
Page 153 and 154:
- r54 Exposures to ionizing radiati
Page 155 and 156:
- 156 REFERENCES Fieldes' M.' G. Be
Page 157 and 158:
- r58 "The ielands are concerned no
Page 159 and 160:
- 160 Further, in keeping with the
Page 161 and 162:
Forum Firheriar AgancY - L62 The Cm
Page 163 and 164:
- L65 OVERVTEW tr TI-E EAST ASIAN S
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Environmental Aesesgment Component
Page 167 and 168:
- L69 INSTTTUTIO{AL AtO FtNAfiCIAL
Page 169 and 170:
- l7t PROBLEMS INVOLVED TN TI-E IMP
Page 171 and 172:
- 17, OCEANMRAPHTC ASSESSMENT tr TI
Page 173 and 174:
- 175 of the region is the feason w
Page 175 and 176:
- rl7 Tl'n Kuroshio begins east of
Page 177 and 178:
Ternperetur€ - 179 One of the fea
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 7 : Average sunface loot too
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- l8] content fnom South-Easl Asian
Page 183 and 184:
- 185 CffiAL REEF DEGRADATION AIS P
Page 185 and 186:
Hg+* WAIER coRAL Teluk Tel* Solong
Page 187 and 188:
I HARIMAU PULAJ BABI HUJONG - t89 ?
Page 189 and 190:
BRANCHED CORAL - 19I TAB.JLATE @RAL
Page 191 and 192:
- Lgt Coral reefs along the coest o
Page 193 and 194:
Lcation LUZ0{ l. Albay 2. Bataan I.
Page 195 and 196:
- r97 the variations in fish abunda
Page 197 and 198:
- r99 A growing eause f or concern
Page 199 and 200:
- 20I of the coral lrade in the bro
Page 201 and 202:
- 20t In Thailand, there is one rep
Page 203 and 204:
- 205 Gomez, E.D. 1977. Species div
Page 205 and 206:
- 207 Valencia, lrt J. I98Ib. South
Page 207 and 208:
- 210 In recenl years' there has be
Page 209 and 210:
- 2r2 air and water quality monitor
Page 211 and 212:
- 2L4 Tle usefulness of zoning is s
Page 213 and 214:
- 216 (h) formulating laws and regu
Page 215 and 216:
- 218 ln Malayeia and Brunei, the N
Page 217 and 218:
Oil activities - ?20 Table I : Hydr
Page 219 and 220:
Neme of vessel or incident Tolo Sea
Page 221 and 222:
- 224 Oil released during deballast
Page 223 and 224:
- 226 ln the South China Saa active
Page 225 and 226:
- 228 o oo IF th (o E t,o PA lo. !,
Page 227 and 228:
- zto The following nrethods were u
Page 229 and 230:
- 2t? REFERENCES Anonymous. 1980. S
Page 231 and 232:
- 2r4 Annex I : Map of placee npnti
Page 233 and 234:
- 256 The biggest problem associale
Page 235 and 236:
- 2t8 Since the analysts performing
Page 237 and 238:
- 240 Oftenr a direct comparison is
Page 239 and 240:
For seawater (PPm) Cd Co Cr Cu 0-0.
Page 241 and 242:
Sea water - 244 The sea water in th
Page 243 and 244:
- 246 organisms reiect the metal pa
Page 245 and 246:
- 248 Rahaman, A., C.L. Sien, and D
Page 247 and 248:
- 250 In addition, mining degrades
Page 249 and 250:
Marine fauna and flora - 252 Beside
Page 251 and 252:
- 254 REFERENCES Bak' R.P. 1978. Le
Page 253 and 254:
Backqround - 257 ACTIO{ PLAN FOR TI
Page 255 and 256:
- 259 Tte Envirannrantal Areasmcnt
Page 257 and 258:
Introduction - 26r MARIT.IE POLLUTI
Page 259 and 260:
CANAL DE FArrAMil A\ ) PANAMA BAHIA
Page 261 and 262:
Kind - 265 Tabb 2 : Industries disc
Page 263 and 264:
- 267 Studies dme between 1974 end
Page 265 and 266:
- 269 Guillen end Aquino (f978) and
Page 267 and 268:
Other areas with important pollutio
Page 269 and 270:
- 27t OIL POLLUTIOII IN TFE SOUTH{A
Page 271 and 272:
Oil traneport in the region - 275 A
Page 273 and 274:
- 277 Co-operstion protocols in the
Page 275 and 276:
'279a GEAN CIRCUI.ATIOII IN TI.E EA
Page 277 and 278:
Weetern Pacific (Coast of Irdonesia
Page 279 and 280:
- 28t Obgervation of winds the key
Page 281 and 282:
- 285 INTER.REGIOT.IAL CO.FER ATIOT
Page 283 and 284:
(2S11 PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNEP REGI
Page 285 and 286:
TZUJJ No. 40 SpC/SPEC/ESCAP/UUEP: R
Page 287:
tZ^A\ \IIl Issued and printed by: P
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