<strong>La</strong> <strong>définition</strong> d’une <strong>stratégie</strong> d’intervention. <strong>La</strong> definición de una estrategia de intervención Defining a strategy for intervention 184
<strong>La</strong> <strong>définition</strong> d’une <strong>stratégie</strong> d’intervention. <strong>La</strong> definición de una estrategia de intervención Defining a strategy for intervention The triple tourism sustainability. An exemplification of a Sustainable Tourist Plan. Luna Interlandi Graduated in Environmental Engineering; PhD student since November 2004 of the PhD course in Engineering of Hydraulic, Transport and Territorial Systems, address “Territorial systems government”; “Territorial planning” class assistant for Environmental engineering course since September 2004 Address: Piazzale V. Tecchio 80 - 80125 NAPOLI (IT) E-mail address: luna.interlandi@gmail.com Telephone: +39 081 7682313 Introduction The choice of Tourism as a potential strategy for local development dwells on the consciousness of the more and more important role of this field on an economic, social and cultural level: this relevance is due to the fact that Tourism is linked to a territorial economy that looks very carefully at local cultural aspect and at the valorisation of the specific characteristics of places and traditions, thinking that shared development strategies can be a good basis even for areas with middlestrong disparities compared with the global economic network. In fact, the attention for Tourism as a phenomena to be known, oriented and managed, is wider than a local or national scale. The spreading of the sustainable development concept has generated a renewed interest in this phenomena at a world level, in part because of the awareness of the negative environmental effects caused by a mass tourism. Since 1995, the (First World Conference on Sustainable Tourism, <strong>La</strong>nzarote, Le Canarie, Spain) officially states tourism as a world phenomena and as an important element for the socio-economic development. Under the principles of Agenda 21, the Charter claims that tourism has to be based on sustainability criteria and that “it must estimate its effects on the cultural heritage and on the elements, the activities and the traditional dynamics of every local community”, respecting this factors and giving them a central role in the definition of tourist strategies. Considering that, in order to revalue all the territorial components that can offer their contribute to a sustainable tourism (respectful of environment, of culture, of traditions and of local population), even the “product tourism”, yield of the so-called “Industry of Tourism”, asks for a new kind of tourism, with territorial characteristic, based on different types of supplies and careful about following the aptitudes of the single places. That means that the demand of space awareness, the ecological consciousness, the comparison among cultures, the approach with different traditions are constantly growing up, leading to the born of new “tourisms”, such as the cultural one, the naturalistic one, the wine and food one. According to the data of SVIMEZ (an Association for the industrial development of the southern Italy), yield of an elaboration of the World Trade Organisation ones (2003), “with around 200 million visitors per year during the nineties, the Mediterranean basin is the most important tourist destination worldwide and, according to estimations at 2020, it will still keep representing a significant part of the worldwide demand, that could overcome the 1,5 billion of arrivals”. These data bear out the hypothesis that tourist activity can constitute an important field of growing and a common denominator of development and integration for the whole area. Tourism and sustainability holds a diversified naturalistic, environmental and cultural heritage of exceptional relevance, capable of supporting the development of a tourist and productive factory. Furthermore, the area benefits from the presence of tourist hubs that can be very attractive because they are potentially capable of being as catalysts for neighbouring areas as important or attractive as the first ones, but less known. From this point of view we can consider sustainable tourism as a tourism “that can sustain”, as the growing demand of an alternative tourism, that looks at different cultures, at local traditions, at open spaces and that considers territorial peculiarities as an heritage to preserve, acting on the respect of its active safeguard. The ecotourism, the agrotourism, the pleasure craft, even the adventure tourism represent chances of promotion and valorisation of identities and of local peculiarities and constitute an occasion of integration between local population and the tourist, invited to feel as a part of the system and as a temporary resident. According to this, territory and its loading capacity assume a central role in the tourist supply: in order to minimise the impacts on the land, necessary a deeply analysis that could understand the potential natural vocation of an area towards some kind of activities instead of others, in order to avoid actions of transformation out of territorial context. In fact, a mistaken intervention is very probably destined to a rapid decline because both contrary at the bottom up approach and capable of upsetting the balance of nature, often particularly sensitive because of the fragility and vulnerability of the places involved. The trait d’union between the two interpretation of “sustainable tourism” can probably be resumed in an “auto-sustainable” tourism, that can collect the advantages of a tourist supply capable of sustaining the local development and the risks of a tourist load that must be sustained by the territory. We can look at auto-sustainability as the capacity of local population of managing its own territorial heritage “guaranteeing to the future generations the same stock of material and immaterial resources”, by promoting mixed actions oriented to support the economic and working growth, to increase the infrastructural network (in primis fundamental for a local improvement of the quality of life), to safeguard environmental resources. About this, the Guide Lines for tourist development in Campania, identify some bonds to the planning of an Integrated Project in the whole results of the territorial analysis (bond of internal coherence), 185