Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Emigration to the United States and Life in New York City 99 Fig.3.2. Dr. Leonard C. Sanford. (AMNH Department of Ornithology archives.) 20 years (1931–1950) was an important figure in Ernst Mayr’s life, “the knight in shining armor of this tale” (Bock 2004a) and a “manager of major ornithological ventures.” He initiated (1) the Brewster-Sanford Expedition to the coastal areas of South America 1912–1917, (2) the Whitney South Sea Expedition to the islands in the Pacific Ocean 1920–1940, and (3) several expeditions to New Guinea, Celebes (Sulawesi) and the northern Moluccas in 1928–1932. He raised the necessary funds through his connections with financial circles in New York, laid the basic plans for these long-term expeditions and finally arranged for qualified scientists to be employed to study the collections obtained. As detailed below, his motivation was not entirely science but friendly rivalry with his comrade Thomas Barbour. Through his acquaintance with the Whitney family Sanford also raised, in 1929, thefinancialmeansfor theconstructionoftheWhitney WingoftheAMNHtohouse
100 3 The New York Years (1931–1953) the large incoming collections as well as new public galleries (Murphy 1951; LeCroy 1989, 2005; Bock 1994a). Dr. Chapman, head of the Department of Ornithology and mainly interested in birds of the Americas, did not object, of course, to any of Dr. Sanford’s unsolicited plans, particularly since his department profited immensely by these global activities. However, Chapman may not have been really happy with the purchase of the Rothschild Collection in 1932 (Mayr, pers. comm.). To make room for this huge collection, the fourth floor of the recently completed Whitney Wing that Chapman had intended as another exhibition floor, was converted into a floor for bird collections. He never complained about this but Mayr felt that all of this happened without him really wanting it. In a sense, Chapman was somewhat afraid of Sanford. There was never any joint planning between the two. This is why Sanford had turned to Ernst Hartert and Erwin Stresemann regarding the ornithological exploration of New Guinea and the Malay Archipelago on which areas they were the experts. Frequently, when Mayr talked with Chapman and mentionedsomeneedsonthefourthfloor,hewouldmakecommentsasifthisfloor belonged to a different museum. Occasionally, Chapman did object to Sanford’s plans (February 18, 1937): “As regards Chapin, I am determined to have him go to the Congo and Chapman is determined he shall not” (Stresemann Papers, Staatsbibliothek Berlin). As usual, Sanford had the last word. Before the First World War, Dr. Sanford was on the surgical staff of the New Haven Hospital and the physician of the Yale Football team. Because of his hunting and conservation interests he was, at that time, also one of the leading personalities of the Connecticut Fish and Game Commission and came in close contact with Theodore Roosevelt while he was President of the United States. Sanford’s activities regarding the AMNH had been triggered by his friend Dr. Thomas Barbour (1884– 1946), curator and later director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), Harvard University, who had pointed out to him that the MCZ’s collections were more complete than those of the AMNH. Thus, as a trustee of the AMNH since 1921, Sanford competed with Barbour and the MCZ (Mayr, pers. comm., and Bock 1994a). He was a born collector and particularly enjoyed possessing things which others did not have and partly because they did not have them. However, he wanted nothing for himself and took delight in building up the scientific treasures of the AMNH, particularly its Department of Birds. He was not personally a man of very large financial resources, but his acquaintance was wide, and his approach wellnigh irresistible. If he could acquire some rarity for the Bird Department, that was splendid; but if he also knew that his friend, Tom Barbour, could not get a specimen of that same species, then Sanford’s joy was doubled. In 1928 he traveled by airplane (!) to Europe and, after visiting Hartert in Tring and Stresemann in Berlin, continued to St. Petersburg in an effort to arrange an exchange of specimens of several extinct bird species from certain islands in the Pacific Ocean (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, Aphanolimnas monasa, “Kittlitzia” (Aplonis) corvina). In this case, he was unsuccessful. After winning the “competitive race” during the 1920s, Dr. Sanford continued his support of the Bird Department of the AMNH probably because of his collecting compulsion (he himself owned a large collection of North American birds) as
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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150 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeograph
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184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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