Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Zoogeography 179 Fig.4.14. Secondary hybrid belts among tree runners (Neositta) ofAustralia.Thearrows indicate expansion from Pleistocene aridity refuges. Wherever former isolates have met, they have formed hybrid belts (indicated by hatching). R, subspecies with red wing bar; W, subspecies with white wing bar. From Mayr (1963b: 373) As to the differentiation of Australian birds at low taxonomic levels Mayr (1950b) conceived a theory of speciation and subspeciation in tree-runners (Neositta): During a Pleistocene or post-Pleistocene arid period (or several periods) a previously widespread ancestral species had been separated into a number of moist refuges around the periphery of the continent, where these isolated populations acquired the diagnostic characters of the taxa of this genus now recognized (Fig. 4.14). After the return of more humid conditions the previous isolates spread out from the refuges together with the expanding vegetation zones, hybridizing in the areas where they came in contact with one another. Keast (1961) and Short et al. (1983) strongly supported this interpretation. It was the first detailed presentation of the refuge theory of Pleistocene speciation for birds of the southern hemisphere. Zoogeographers had proposed similar models for the differentiation of European birds and other animals which were assumed to have survived in humid Mediterranean refuges during the generally dry glacial periods. Malay Archipelago A schematic eastern delimitation of the Indomalayan Region follows the border of the Pleistocene Sunda land from the straits between Bali and Lombok in the
180 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer south, between Borneo and Celebes (Sulawesi) and between Palawan and the Philippines in the north. This is “Wallace’s line” of most zoogeographers (Fig. 4.15). A corresponding western limit of the Australo-Papuan Region follows the western border of the Sahul Shelf which includes the islands of Aru, Misol and Waigeu (“Lydekker’s line”). There is a third line where western and eastern faunal elements of mammals and birds reach similar proportions of faunal balance (50 : 50%), “Weber’s line” west of Tenimber, Buru and the northern Moluccas. Weber’s line separates the islands with predominantly Indomalayan fauna in the west from islands with a predominantly Papuan fauna in the east. Mayr (1944d) documented that the shelf margins of both the Sunda land and Sahul land represent conspicuous breaks in a general faunal transition zone between the Indomalayan and Australo- Fig.4.15. Malay Archipelago, the contact zone between the Indo-Malayan and the Australo- Papuan faunas. The shaded area in the west is the Asian (Sunda) shelf, and in the east lies the Australian (Sahul) shelf. The area between the two shelves, never connected by a land bridge, is referred to as Wallacea. The real border (line of balance) between the Asian and the Australian faunas is Weber’s Line (from Mayr 1944d)
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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Page 133 and 134: 128 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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Page 189 and 190: 184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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230 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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