Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Zoogeography 181 Papuan Regions (see also Keast 1983; Clode and O’Brien 2001). Generally speaking, this island region is inhabited by such a faunal mixture of western and eastern provenance and so heterogeneous that according to Mayr (l.c.), it should not be considered as a separate zoogeographical unit “Wallacea.” All four areas that are supposed to make up “Wallacea,” the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Celebes region, the Philippines, and the Moluccas, are more different from each other and each of them is more similar to an area outside Wallacea than to make sense whatsoever of the recognition of “Wallacea.” The western elements of reptiles, butterflies and plants penetrated farther to the east than those of birds and mammals. Plant geographers even consider New Guinea part of the Malayan (Malesian) Region. The islands of Timor and Sumba are inhabited by a predominantly Indomalayan bird fauna containing numerous eastern elements from the Papuan Region (Mayr 1944e) all of which reached these islands by dispersal across ocean barriers. Like Wallace (1869) Mayr found no support for any of the numerous land bridges in this region that other zoogeographers, e.g., Rensch (1936), had proposed to explain the immigration of birds and other animals. Four phenomena confirm the interpretation of dispersal across ocean barriers in the Malay Archipelago and contradict the assumption of land bridges (Mayr, l.c.): (1) Faunal relationships are independent of submarine contours (below the 200-m line) but are closely correlated with the distances of the islands from each other (providing size and ecology are comparable); (2) Faunal affinities exist even between geologically unrelated islands; (3) The small percentage of endemic species on the islands of the Sunda arc is explained by the superior dispersal faculties of the birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands which crossed easily the water gaps to the north and south; (4) The spread of birds inhabiting high mountains in the Malay Archipelago can be understood only by assuming great dispersal powers, because their montane habitats have never been directly connected, not even during the coldestperiodsofthePleistocene. This important zoogeographical analysis (which Mayr considers one of his best papers in this field) established the “oceanic” nature of the eastern islands of the Malay Archipelago strongly supporting Stresemann’s (1939) conclusions. When the latter congratulated Mayr, in early 1946, on his zoogeographical studies of the bird faunas of the Malay Archipelago (“You succeeded in making zoogeography a fascinating subject again”), Mayr refused “credit for having started anything new. It was your zoogeographical analysis in the Birds of Celebes (1939) which made me think and got me interested in analyzing the birds of Timor (1944e) in a somewhat similar fashion” (21 March 1946). This is another instance of the important influence of Stresemann’s methods and thinking on Mayr’s systematic and zoogeographic work (see also Glaubrecht 2002; Vuilleumier 2005b:66–67). About Rensch’s book, HistoryoftheSundaIslandArc(1936) Mayr had written to Stresemann: “I thoroughly disagree with most of Rensch’s conclusions. He compares the faunas of two islands and then draws conclusions as to their possible
182 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer connection on the basis of the percentages of the animals common to both. In this, he pays no attention whatsoever (except in the general introduction) to the fact, that these islands might be totally different in their ecology: If you compare a savanna-covered island with a completely wooded island, you may get only a slight agreement of the faunas, although the geological history of the two might easily be the same. On the other hand, Rensch makes very little allowance for the distribution across the open sea. My work on Polynesian islands and even such islands, like Rennell and Biak , has convinced me that the open sea is not always as much of a barrier as commonly supposed. As soon as two islands are fully settled such as Batanta and Salawati, there is only very little exchange of individuals, but as long as one island is full of open ecological niches, it will permit the settling down of immigrants. This point has been largely disregarded by Rensch. I believe you cannot make such definite statements as he does in many cases, neither do I believe that all of the island connections have existed as postulated by him” (25 April 1939). The distribution of birds in the Philippines is influenced by three main factors (Delacour and Mayr 1946k): (1) Climate and vegetation, (2) former land connection between islands, (3) proximity to neighboring areas. These factors jointly have contributedtothespecialbirdfaunasofthevariousislandsandislandgroups.
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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Page 135 and 136: 130 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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Page 189 and 190: 184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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232 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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