Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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28 1 Childhood and Youth Fig.1.9. Dynamic-historical interpretation of the origin of geographical variation in a bird species as sketched schematically by the medical student Ernst Mayr in a letter to Dr. E. Stresemann (Berlin) dated 12 May 1924 (redrawn and terms translated). Arrows indicate range expansion of populations from a high plateau (“center of origin”). An intermediate form (Zwischenform) results from secondary contact of populations circumventing barriers like mountains and the sea. Various ecologically different regions and their respective subspecies are indicated as follows: 1. High plateau, 2. Steppe, 3. Swampy plain, 4.–5. Agriculturallowlands,6.Hillyregion;a–gsymbolizestagesinaclinebetweenthesubspecies inhabiting areas 5 and 6 a theory may be elaborated [E]. This is necessary to replace Kleinschmidt’s dogma which does not advance science [F]. I am an adherent of Lamarckism (despite the theory of genetics, Baur’s modifications, etc.). Each organism has a large number of equal possibilities of development and this explains the phenomena of convergence. Anattemptshouldalsobemadetofindoutforallbirdspecieswherethey originated based on certain characteristics (Berajah [G]). The comparative morphology of immature plumages would probably play a decisive role in such an endeavor. That form whose immature plumage most resembles the adult plumage, perhaps represents the ancestral type. In searching for the centeroforiginonemustavoidthemistake(ashappenedbefore,particularlyin ethnography) and select that region from where the least amount of material is available. One thought has not yet been incorporated into the ornithological theory of colonization which (perhaps more than justified) is prevalent in ethnography, namely the thought that a center of origin sends out again and again entire waves of animals. According to what I have read so far ornithologists seem to think that the centers of expansion are always located along the periphery of the distributional range. However, they may equally well have been located in ecologically favorable areas [within the ranges].
University Student in Greifswald and Berlin 29 Another interesting question is the rate of differentiation (“Polish Serin” [H]). Supporters of the mutation theory should answer this question: In which way does the established form disappear from its range? Possibly the mutant is more strongly expansive. The peculiar phenomena of convergence which caused so many errors in systematics need to be taken thoroughly into consideration. Very many ornithologists would appreciate a comprehensive treatment of these problems. Surely such a study would suit you. […] With ornithological greetings. Sincerely yours, Ernst Mayr. Notes: [A] In cases of clinal or stepped clinal geographical variation, A.B. Meyer and L.W. Wiglesworth (1898) and L. Wiglesworth (1898) had proposed to assign subspecies names only to the endpoints and to selected intermediate stages in the character progression. [B] This is a reference to the hybridization between the white-headed and stripeheaded forms of the Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus) in central Europe. [C] Mayr distinguished here between primary and secondary intergradation. [D] Görnitz (1923: 498) had concluded “that the majority of the geographical subspecies are not due to the effect of natural selection but originated through the effect of climatic factors.” [E] This is a reference to two pairs of sibling species (Luscinia luscinia/L. megarhynchos and Certhia brachydactyla/C. familiaris) whose members probably originated in geographical isolation from their respective common ancestors and are today in secondary contact along a narrow (nightingales) or broad (treecreepers) zone of overlap in central Europe. [F] The Protestant pastor and ornithologist Otto Kleinschmidt (1870–1954) had proposed a typological species concept (“Formenkreis”) and the independent origin (creation) of all animal species. [G] In his excellently illustrated monograph series “Berajah” (1905–1936) Kleinschmidt had discussed geographical variation and range expansion of numerous species. [H] Several subspecies of the Serin (Serinus serinus) had been described from regions (Germany, Poland), which this bird had colonized only during the last century. In his dissertation on “The expansion of the Serin” Mayr (1926e) was able to prove that the Serin finch does not differ in these latter areas taxonomically from the populations in the Mediterranean region. When I sent a copy of the above letter to Ernst Mayr in 1992, he was totally surprised and answered (transl.): “I am terribly amused at my forwardness with Stresemann. No doubt this is part of the reason why in the Stresemann family I was always referred to as the fresh (‘freche’) young Mayr. I admire the patience with which Stresemann tolerated me and my letters. He must have appreciated my genuine deep interest in science. I had completely forgotten all about this letter and even reading and re-reading it now does not trigger any remembrance.”
Page 1 and 2: Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
Page 3 and 4: Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
Page 7 and 8: Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
Page 9 and 10: 2 Introduction and speciation, the
Page 11 and 12: 4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
Page 13 and 14: Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
Page 15 and 16: The Family 9 court system. He had a
Page 17 and 18: The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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Page 21 and 22: Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Page 27 and 28: Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
Page 29 and 30: University Student in Greifswald an
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Page 39 and 40: Friendships at School and Universit
Page 41 and 42: 2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
Page 43 and 44: TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
Page 45 and 46: Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer B
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142 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeograph
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184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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