Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Birds of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Southeastern Asia 159 Study of the birds of the Philippines led to several taxonomic reviews, comments, descriptions of new subspecies, e.g., of the Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus, 1939d) and Tailorbird (Orthotomus, 1947b) and revisions of the classification and nomenclature of various other taxa (Delacour and Mayr 1945m). These articles were byproducts of a book, Birds of the Philippines by J. Delacour and E. Mayr (1946k) published to facilitate the identification of birds in the field. The work associated withthisprojectwasaboutevenlysharedbybothauthors.Numerousexcellent line drawings by E.C. Poole and A. Seidel illustrate many species. Keys permit the determination of species; subspecies are also briefly described. Remarks on ecology and habits of the birds point to insufficient knowledge and gaps to be filled. Zoogeographically, most Philippine birds show Malaysian affinities, but some have closer ties with Oriental and Palearctic elements. Mayr’s discussion of the “Evolution in the family Dicruridae” (Mayr and Vaurie 1948d) was based on a taxonomic revision of the drongos by Vaurie (1949) and therefore published in coauthorship. This family is widespread in the Old World tropics. Several of the 20 species are well differentiated in the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 4.8). Mayr emphasized here again that the more distinct subspecies and semispecies are geographically isolated and occur in peripheral parts of the species range, where they vary rather unpredictably. Those which readily cross water gaps formed widespread polytypic species and superspecies. Southeastern Asia Mr. Arthur S. Vernay, a Trustee of the AMNH, sponsored several zoological expeditions to northern Burma (Chindwin region) during the period 1932–1936, with MajorJ.K.Stanfordinchargeofbirdcollecting.E.Mayr,whowasaskedtostudythe collectionsgiventotheAMNHpublishedtheresultsinThe Ibis of 1938 and 1940–41 (with J.K. Stanford supplying field notes). Several British ornithologists had been rather unhappy that an inexperienced American colleague who had never done any work in this region should study this important collection. However, eventually they admitted that they themselves could not have done a better job. An interesting example of discontinuous geographic variation of alternative plumage colors (white, gray, black) is presented by the Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes madagascariensis). The populations are fairly uniform, where they are isolated on high mountains (Fig. 4.9). However, hybrid populations develop where several of these forms come in contact with one another, which occurs from northeastern Burma into China south of the Yangtze River (Mayr 1941n, 1942e: 83–84). Mayr’s real triumph of working up the Burma collection provided the colorful minivets (Pericrocotus) (Fig. 4.10). Two exceedingly similar species were always confounded under the name P. brevirostris until Mayr (1940e) discovered a sibling species mixed in with the series of brevirostris. A name (ethologus) was already available for the newcomer. The two species co-exist over a wide range from Sikkim eastward. At first Mayr’s finding was doubted by Ticehurst, Whistler, Kinnaer,
160 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer Fig.4.9. Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes madagascariensis). Discontinuous geographical variation of alternative plumage characters in populations of northeastern Burma (Myanmar) and southwestern China. Rather uniform (stabilized) hybrid populations (3–5) inhabit isolated mountains between the ranges of four well-differentiated geographical subspecies (1 leucocephalus in S and SE China, 2 leucothorax, 6concolor, 7nigrescens, 8psaroides); hybrid populations: 3 stresemanni, 4sinensis, 5ambiens). Plumage characters: Blank– white, shaded–gray, solid–black. Sketches of birds by R.T. Peterson. From Mayr (1941n, 1942e: 83) and Baker, the experts on the birds of this region, but eventually they accepted it. E. Stresemann in Berlin was working on a collection of birds from Sikkim obtained by Ernst Schäfer in 1938–1939, when he received the letter from Mayr (dated 23 May 1940) describing his two sibling species of minivets. Stresemann had already determined Schäfer’s specimens of Pericrocotus as belonging to one species (P. brevirostris) only and answered:
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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210 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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