Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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History of Biology 351
352 11 History and Philosophy of Biology—Mayr’s Third Synthesis Most other zoologists strongly resisted this concept until the 1930s–1940s, although some “minor” selection was “permitted,” such as, e.g., the mimicry of the cuckoo’s eggs to those of the host species. Darwin called an individual’s varying success in reproduction “sexual selection” and devoted almost two thirds of the text of his Descent of Man (1871) to its discussion. This important process was largely ignored during the ensuing 100 years, even though Mayr (1963b: 199–201) called attention to the importance of “selection for reproductive success.” Facsimile edition of the Origin (1964). When, during the early 1960s, Mayr began studying Darwin’s thoughts in detail, he had difficulties referring to the first edition of the Origin, which had become rare. Virtually every reprint was either one of the sixth edition or, if it was the first edition, the paging had been changed. He succeeded in persuading Harvard University Press to produce, in 1964, an inexpensive facsimile of the first edition which became a surprising success having “sold 4,000 copies in the hardback edition in the 7 years since it was published” (Mayr 1971h: 273). The 13th printing of the paperback edition came out in 1994 and continued to sell often a thousand copies per year. Mayr (1964l) wrote a detailed “Introduction” (20 pages) to this facsimile edition emphasizing that Darwin’s book indeed “shook the world.” Every modern discussion of man’s future, the population explosion, the purpose of man and the universe, and of man’s place in nature rests on Darwin. He was wrong in his views on inheritance and the origin of variation, confused about “varieties” and species, and unable to elucidate speciation, but he discovered the basic mechanism of evolutionary change–natural selection. This “force” not only eliminates the unfit (or less fit) but is also positive and constructive accumulating the beneficial and, at the same time, is probabilistic. Darwin had accepted an inheritance of acquired characters from the first edition on and not as the result of the later attack by H. C. F. Jenkin (1833–1885). Opposing claims notwithstanding, Darwin was a major philosopher, as Mayr (l.c.) emphasized. He applied routinely the hypothetico-deductive and comparative methods as well as “population thinking” rejecting Plato’s essentialism (or typology) which had dominated science for over 2,000 years. The criticism of Darwin’s style of writing by some authors is “not only irrelevant but largely undeserved. Indeed someof his writing has considerableliterary quality, for instance p. 130, 310–311, 489–490” (1964l, p. XXI). Some authors criticized that Darwin did not give sufficient credit to his precursors. Up to a point this is true, because the Origin has no bibliography or other references to the literature (which, however, was not customary in those times). For example, Darwin knew Leopold von Buch’s theory of geographic speciation (1819, 1825), as documented by one of his Notebooks, yet there is no reference to L. von Buch on page 301 of the Origin in connection with an argument apparently adapted directly from this forerunner (1964l, p. XXI). Darwin studies. Since the Darwin jubilee in 1959 a veritable “Darwin industry” has developed which no single person can fully deal with any longer. In his book of 1982 (d) Mayr presented his own interpretation of the major questions of the Darwin research and discussed other aspects of Darwin’s thoughts in various articles.
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer B
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142 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeograph
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184 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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Page 381 and 382: 376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
Page 387 and 388: Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
Page 389 and 390: List of Abbreviations AAAS American
Page 391 and 392: 386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
Page 393 and 394: 388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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Page 401 and 402: 396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
Page 403 and 404: 398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
Page 405 and 406: Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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