Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Birds of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Southeastern Asia 157 strait fell dry the island joined with the mainland of New Guinea, and galatea invaded the range of hydrocharis, where the two species now live side by side without interbreeding and without obvious ecological competition. T. galatea displays no significant geographical variation in the vast area of New Guinea despite strong ecological contrasts. Yet each of the adjacent islands inhabited by this kingfisher has a markedly differentiated race or species even though they are in the same climatic zone as the neighboring mainland. Due to this observation and numerous similar examples in the literature Mayr (1954c) later proposed the theory of a relatively rapid genetic reorganization in small speciating populations (p. 219). Several sidelines to Mayr’s taxonomic research on the birds of Oceania developed into additional publications on the avifaunas of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Burma (Myanmar). Birds of Australia, the Malay Archipelago and Southeastern Asia Australia A visit by Dominic L. Serventy (1904–1988) from Australia to New York in early 1938 led to a fruitful collaboration. So far Mayr had used the material of the Mathews Collection of Australian birds at the AMNH for the preparation of many papers on the birds collected during the Whitney Expedition. But the taxonomy of Australian birds owing to the publications of Gregory Mathews (1927, 1930) was chaotic. Serventy knew these birds in the field and Mayr, as curator of the RothschildCollection,hadaccesstoallofMathews’types.Thefirstresultofthis new collaboration was their joint review (1938i) of the thornbills (Acanthiza), relatives of Sericornis and Gerygone. Each author contributed about equally to this revision. Eleven Acanthiza species are known from Australia and Tasmania and one (A. murina) from the mountains of New Guinea. In another article on “The number of Australian bird species” based on the concept of superspecies Mayr and Serventy (1944h) show that Australia, although ten times larger in area than New Guinea, harbors only a similar number of species. These joint papers aroused Mayr’s interest in Australian birds. After G. M. Mathews’s reckless naming of subspecies in The Birds of Australia (1910–1927) “substantial progress in the modern treatment of genera, species and subspecies has been made by Dr. Ernst Mayr” (Serventy 1950: 267). His publications in The Emu (totaling 112 pages; Marchant 1972: 66) made him well known among Australian ornithologists and field naturalists some of whom he met when he visited Australia in the northern winter 1959–1960. He used this opportunity to observe in the field several “aberrant” Australian songbirds whose systematic position was unsettled and commented on their behavior (Mayr 1963c). The recent “Directory of Australian Birds. Passerines”byR.SchoddeandI.Mason (1999) is dedicated to the four founders of modern Australian variation studies: Ernst Mayr who initiated this new era, Allen Keast, Julian Ford, and Shane Parker.
158 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer Malay Archipelago Mayr also initiated taxonomic studies of birds from further west of New Guinea, based on collections made in Borneo, western China and northern Burma. This greatly added to his knowledge of species and literature. He studied the birds of prey of the Lesser Sunda Islands (1941m) and the birds of Timor and Sumba Islands (1944e) describing 19 new subspecies and analyzing the relationships within numerous species groups. Because of the dry climate and vegetation of these islands the bird fauna is comparatively poor and endemism is not strongly marked. Important zoogeographic considerations appended to these taxonomic discussions will be mentioned below (see p. 179ff.). Fig.4.8. The drongo superspecies Dicrurus [hottentottus], Dicruridae. Tail forms and inferred dispersal routes of three branches of this highly variable superspecies are shown. Bizarre shapes of tail feathers developed in the geographically most peripheral populations. Solid line: theearliestbranchtodisperse;dotted line: the next branch; dashed line: the most recently dispersing branch. D. balicassius, a closely related species, occupies a range in the northern Philippines allopatric to D. hottentottus in the southern Philippines. The closely related D. montanus, the product of a double invasion of Celebes (Sulawesi) by D. hottentottus, now lives in the mountains of Sulawesi above D. hottentottus inthelowlands.Thenine numbers on the map indicate the geographic ranges of nine taxa whose tails are depicted at upper right. For identification of these taxa and additional details see Mayr and Diamond (2001, map 52)
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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208 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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