Ornithology, Evolution, and Philosophy 123

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Birds of Oceania 155 localities in New Guinea at the end of the book is most useful to the user. The classification of the families used in this book follows Wetmore’s proposal as far as the non-passerine groups are concerned and Stresemann’s proposal for the Passeriformes. Fig.4.6. Distribution of jay-sized Paradise Magpies, Astrapia nigra superspecies, of New Guinea (data from Gilliard 1969, and Cooper and Forshaw 1977). 1 A. nigra, 2 A. splendidissima, 3 A. mayeri, 4 A. stephaniae, 5 A. rothschildi. Adult males (illustrated) are mainly black with much green and purple iridescence, tail greatly elongated and black or black and white to white; females are more brownish with barred underparts. Hybridization has been recorded in the zone of contact between A. mayeri and A. stephaniae. Ernst Mayr (1942e, 1945h) used this group to discuss allopatric speciation: These five species, “descending from a common stock, have differentiated under conditions of geographical isolation. Each is restricted to a single mountain range, and none can exist in the lowlands. The differences acquired by these five species are a graphic illustration of evolution.”
156 4 Ornithologist and Zoogeographer Examples of two superspecies of birds of paradise, Mayr’s favorite birds 4 ,are illustratedinFigs.4.5and4.6.Charactergradientsacrosshybridzonesoccurin the Greater Birds of Paradise, geographical isolation and conspicuous differentiation is demonstrated in the Paradise Magpies. In a study of the Ribbon-tailed Bird of Paradise (Astrapia mayeri) Mayr and Gilliard (1952a) discussed the Astrapia superspecies. A. mayeri differs conspicuously from its representatives to the west (A. splendidissima) and to the east (A. stephaniae) but some gene flow exists between stephaniae and mayeri in the area where they have come into contact during recent geological time. These latter taxa are very close biologically. Partial overlap of closely related species occurs in the paradise kingfishers of the genus Tanysiptera (Fig. 4.7). During the Pleistocene T. hydrocharis wasisolatedonan island stretching from the Aru Islands to the mouth of the Fly River and thus separated from the mainland form galatea by a branch of the ocean. When this Fig.4.7. Species and subspecies of the Paradise Kingfishers, Tanysiptera hydrocharis-galatea group.Thesubspecies1,2,and3ofgalatea on the mainland of New Guinea are exceedingly similar to each other. The subspecies vulcani (4) and rosseliana (5, on Rossel Island east of New Guinea, not shown) are much more distinct. The populations on Biak (6), Numfor (7), and Koffiao (8) have reached species level. The form on Aru Island, hydrocharis (H1), has also reached species rank and now coexists in southern New Guinea (H2) with a subspecies of galatea (3); slightly modified from Mayr (1942e, Fig. 15) 4 In the foreword to Gilliard’s book on the birds of paradise and bower birds, Mayr wrote: “Every ornithologist and birdwatcher has his favorite group of birds, whether they be nightingales or storks, hummingbirds or penguins. Frankly, my own are the birds of paradise and bower birds, […] for in their ornamentation and courtship behavior birds of paradise are not surpassed in the whole class of Aves” (1969f).
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Jürgen Haffer Ornithology, Evoluti
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Preface Ernst Mayr (1904-2005), emi
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Contents Introduction 1 Part I The
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Contents IX 2 Bibliography of Ernst
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2 Introduction and speciation, the
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4 Introduction (1928-1929) to repla
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Ernst Mayr has been an observer all
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The Family 9 court system. He had a
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The Family 11 Fig.1.1. Family genea
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The Family 13 where they learned La
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Birdwatching 15 even finishing befo
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Birdwatching 17 Fig.1.5. ErnstMayr
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Birdwatching 19 Fig.1.6. Ernst Mayr
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Birdwatching 21 he simply smoked ci
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University Student in Greifswald an
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Friendships at School and Universit
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2 The Budding Scientist PhD Thesis
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TheInfluenceofTeachers 37 excellent
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Erwin Stresemann—Teacher and Frie
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Assistant Curator at the Museum of
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Expeditions to New Guinea and the S
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Part II Ornithologist and Evolution
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96 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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98 3 The New York Years (1931-1953)
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100 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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102 3 The New York Years (1931-1953
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206 5 Biological Species and Specia
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6 Life in North America during Worl
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244 6 Life in North America during
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Part III Professor of Zoology at Ha
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256 7 The Harvard Years (1953-2005)
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8 Evolutionary Biology— Mayr’s
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268 8 Evolutionary Biology—Mayr
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284 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man his coll
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286 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man addresse
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288 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man undertak
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290 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man unaware
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292 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man His hand
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294 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Prize (1
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296 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the inte
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298 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man I have s
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300 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.4.
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302 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man not mali
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304 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man papers d
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306 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man 2005. Me
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308 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man Fig.9.5b
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310 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man health i
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312 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man person a
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314 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man with a r
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316 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man conceptu
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318 9 Ernst Mayr—the Man the two
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10 Systematics and Classification T
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322 10 Systematics and Classificati
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11 History and Philosophy of Biolog
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340 11 History and Philosophy of Bi
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376 12 Summary: Appreciation of Ern
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Acknowledgments Iamdeeplygratefulto
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List of Abbreviations AAAS American
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386 References Beehler BM, Pratt TK
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388 References Cracraft J (2002) Go
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390 References Haffer J (1997a) Ess
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392 References Keast JA (1996) Avia
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394 References Olson SL (1975) The
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396 References Smith JJ (1936) Eric
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398 References Wiglesworth LW (1898
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Appendix 1 Curriculum Vitae (includ
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Appendix 1 403 1978 Prêmio Jabuti,
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Appendix 1 405 Society Offices Linn
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Appendix 2 407 1926c Das Freibrüte
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Appendix 2 409 1932 1932a Birds col
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Appendix 2 411 1936g Melidectes bel
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Appendix 2 413 1941e Birds collecte
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Appendix 2 415 1944f Chromosomes an
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Appendix 2 417 1947g On the correct
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Appendix 2 419 1952e Six new subspe
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Appendix 2 421 1954g The tail molt
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Appendix 2 423 1958c Concluding rem
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Appendix 2 425 in E. Mayr, Evolutio
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Appendix 2 427 1964l Introduction [
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Appendix 2 429 1967d Subfamily Pach
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Appendix 2 431 in Acta Soc. Zool. B
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Appendix 2 433 1974b The diversity
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Appendix 2 435 1976m Evolution and
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Appendix 2 437 Mankind 13:430; P.W.
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Appendix 2 439 (1984) in Queen’s
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Appendix 2 441 1984c Evolution and
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Appendix 2 443 1987b The status of
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Appendix 2 445 1990 1990a The Myth
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Appendix 2 447 1992f Haldane’s Ca
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Appendix 2 449 1995g The search for
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Appendix 2 451 1999 1999a Thoughts
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List of Books by Ernst Mayr 453 200
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Coauthorship 455 Coauthorship In th
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Appendix 3 457 (4) Systematics 1942
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Index Achievements 379 Adaptation 2
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Index 461 Faunas 164-165 Family 8-1
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Index 463 Realism and education 372
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