9. Tribe ANTHEMIDEAE

Subshrubs, (15–)40–80 cm tall; indumentum “glandular
pubescent.” Stems few from base, much branched, woody for
most of length, bark yellowish white, branching slightly divaricate,
sometimes ± spine-tipped, glabrescent. Petiole rather long;
leaf blade spatulate to cuneate, 1–2 cm including petiole, pinnatifid,
segments 1–3 each side, narrowly triangular, puberulent
or subglabrous, with sunken glands; condensed lateral shoots
with linear leaves sometimes present; uppermost leaves linear,
entire. Capitula solitary or few in ill-defined cyme, on long
slender peduncles. Involucre narrowly campanulate, 8–10 × 4–
6 mm; phyllaries convex, abaxially ± densely puberulent and
prominently gland-dotted, margin white scarious, apex rounded,
outer ones obovate, inner ones lanceolate. Ray florets absent.
ANTHEMIDEAE
669
Disk florets tubular, bisexual, corolla with lower part greenish,
sparsely pilose and glandular, upper part yellow. Achenes ca. 2
mm, 3-ribbed.
Nei Mongol [Mongolia].
Brachanthemum gobicum is used for livestock fodder and medicinally
in Mongolia where it has been listed as “very rare” under Mongolian
Law on Natural Plants (Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan;
http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mn/mn-nbsap-01-p6-en.pdf; accessed 23
Nov 2010). The material from Nei Mongol seems to be significantly
larger than the 15–20 cm tall plant described in the protologue; it also
appears to have more divaricate, apparently somewhat spinescent,
branching. The homogamous capitula suggest that the generic placement
of this species deserves closer examination.
150. CHRYSANTHEMUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 887. 1753, nom. cons.
菊属 ju shu
Shi Zhu (石铸 Shih Chu); Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert
Arctanthemum (Tzvelev) Tzvelev; Dendranthema (Candolle) Des Moulins; Dendranthema sect. Arctanthemum Tzvelev; Pyrethrum
sect. Dendranthema Candolle.
Subshrubs or perennial herbs; indumentum absent or of basifixed or medifixed hairs. Leaves alternate, pinnately or palmately
divided, serrate, or rarely entire. Synflorescence a lax irregular terminal cyme, often reduced to solitary capitulum. Capitula heterogamous,
radiate, laxly corymbose or solitary. Involucres cup-shaped, rarely campanulate; phyllaries in 4 or 5 rows, scarious margin
white, brown, or dark brown, or outer and middle ones herbaceous and pinnatilobed or pinnatifid. Receptacle convex to conical,
epaleate. Ray florets female, fertile, in 1 or many rows (in cultivars); lamina yellow, white, or red. Disk florets many, bisexual, fertile;
corolla yellow, tubular, 5-lobed. Anther obtuse at base; apical appendage lanceolate-ovate or narrowly elliptic. Achenes subterete or
obovoid, faintly 5–8-ribbed. Pappus absent.
Thirty-seven species: mostly in temperate Asia; 22 species (13 endemic) in China.
The florists’ chrysanthemum, 菊花 (ju hua), is an enormous hybrid complex developed over many centuries (a Chinese account published in
1630 listed over 500 cultivars) into the huge array of ornamental cultivars available today. The primary parental species is Chrysanthemum indicum,
but the other parentage is now obscure. More recent hardier “Korean chrysanthemums” include C. zawadskii in their parentage. This complex is most
widely known as “C. grandiflorum” (Broussonet, Elench. Horti Bot. Monspel. 15. 1805, supposedly based on Anthemis grandiflora Ramatuelle, J.
Hist. Nat. 2: 233. 1792), but Broussonet’s name is a nomen nudum with no reference to Ramatuelle’s name; and, even if it were validly published, it
would be a later homonym of C. grandiflorum (Desfontaines) Dumont de Courset (Bot. Cult. 2: 467. 1802). The most common alternative name is C.
morifolium Ramatuelle (loc. cit.: 240), but this is of uncertain status and identity. Further work is therefore needed to establish the most acceptable
scientific name for the complex. As is to be expected for such an important horticultural plant, there is an extensive synonymy, including: A. apiifolia
R. Brown, A. artemisiifolia Willdenow, A. stipulacea Moench, C. hortorum L. H. Bailey, ?C. morifolium var. gracile Hemsley, C. sinense Sabine, C.
sinense var. hortense Makino ex Matsumura, C. stipulaceum (Moench) W. Wight, Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramatuelle) Kitamura, D. morifolium
(Ramatuelle) Tzvelev, D. sinense (Sabine) Des Moulins, and Matricaria morifolia Ramatuelle.
1a. Outer and sometimes middle phyllaries herbaceous, pinnatilobed or pinnatifid.
2a. Leaves undivided or lyrate-pinnatisect, abaxially grayish white, appressed and thickly villous ............... 20. C. argyrophyllum
2b. Middle and proximal stem leaves bipinnate- or bipalmate-pinnately divided, abaxially green,
glabrous or nearly so ....................................................................................................................................... 21. C. mongolicum
1b. Phyllaries with white, brown, or dark scarious margins.
3a. Capitula 0.5–1 cm in diam.; ray floret lamina 1–3 mm.
4a. Leaves 2-pinnatisect; capitula many, in dense flat-topped synflorescence .......................................... 18. C. glabriusculum
4b. Leaves pinnatisect; capitula 1–3 ................................................................................................................... 19. C. dichroum
3b. Capitula 1.5–5 cm in diam., rarely smaller; ray floret lamina (1–)5 mm or more.
5a. Leaf blade bipalmate, bipalmate-pinnatifid, bipinnatifid, or biternate-pinnatisect.
6a. Ray florets white, pink, or purple-red.
7a. Leaves bipalmate, bipalmate-pinnately divided, or biternate-pinnatisect; capitula solitary,
rarely 2–5 ........................................................................................................................................ 10. C. oreastrum
7b. Leaves bipinnatifid; capitula many, in lax cymes, rarely solitary.
8a. Primary lobes of leaf blade pinnatilobed or pinnatifid, ultimate lobes triangular or
obliquely triangular, ca. 3 mm wide ......................................................................................... 16. C. zawadskii
8b. Primary lobes of leaf blade pinnatisect or subpinnatisect, ultimate lobes linear or
narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1–2 mm wide ......................................................................... 17. C. maximowiczii