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9. Tribe ANTHEMIDEAE

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Synflorescence a broad panicle. Capitula pedunculate, nodding.<br />

Involucre globose or hemispheric, 5–7 mm in diam.; phyllaries<br />

puberulent. Marginal female florets 15–20. Disk florets 80–150,<br />

bisexual. Achenes obovoid or ellipsoid. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.<br />

● Hills, outer forest margins; low to middle elevations. SW Henan,<br />

Hubei, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, N Yunnan.<br />

3<strong>9.</strong> Artemisia caruifolia Buchanan-Hamilton ex Roxburgh, Fl.<br />

Ind., ed. 1832, 3: 422. 1832 [“carnifolia”].<br />

青蒿 qing hao<br />

Herbs, annual or biennial, 30–150 cm, much branched,<br />

glabrous. Basal and lowermost stem leaves usually withering<br />

before anthesis. Middle stem leaves: petiole 5–10 mm; leaf<br />

blade oblong, oblong-ovate, or elliptic, 5–15 × 2–5.5 cm, abaxially<br />

green, 2- or 3-pinnatisect; segments 4–6 pairs, pectinate or<br />

lanceolate; lobules pectinate, acutely or acuminately serrate;<br />

rachis serrate. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1(or 2)-pinnatisect<br />

and pectinatisect. Synflorescence a moderately broad<br />

panicle. Capitula many; peduncle slender, 2–6 mm, nodding.<br />

Involucre hemispheric, 3.5–7 mm in diam.; phyllaries oblong,<br />

radiately spreading or not, scarious margin yellow. Marginal<br />

female florets 10–20; corolla ca. 1.5 mm. Disk florets 30–40,<br />

bisexual; corolla yellowish, ca. 1.8 mm. Achenes oblong or<br />

ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.<br />

Riverbanks, floodlands, waysides, outer forest margins, canyons,<br />

coastal beaches; low to high elevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,<br />

Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,<br />

Liaoning, S Shaanxi, Shandong, E Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [N<br />

India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, N Vietnam].<br />

The epithet of this species has been given both as “caruifolia”<br />

and as “carvifolia” and is based on the similarity of the leaves to those<br />

of Carum carvi Linnaeus (Apiaceae). Both forms are therefore orthographically<br />

correct, depending on whether they are based on the genus<br />

name or the species epithet, and there is no case for regarding either as<br />

an orthographical error. The protologue actually gives the spelling as<br />

“carnifolia.” It seems rather likely that the “n” is an upside-down “u”<br />

and that the correct spelling should be “caruifolia.”<br />

Artemisia caruifolia contains abrotanine used in anti-inflammatory<br />

and antifebrile drugs.<br />

1a. Leaf margins with acuminate teeth;<br />

involucre 3.5–4.5 mm in diam.,<br />

phyllaries erect after anthesis ............... 39a. var. caruifolia<br />

1b. Leaf margins with acute teeth;<br />

involucre 4.5–7 mm in diam.,<br />

phyllaries radiate after anthesis .............. 39b. var. schochii<br />

39a. Artemisia caruifolia var. caruifolia<br />

青蒿(原变种) qing hao (yuan bian zhong)<br />

Artemisia apiacea Hance; A. caruifolia var. apiacea<br />

(Hance) Pampanini; A. thunbergiana Maximowicz.<br />

Middle stem leaves with lobes acuminate-serrate. Involucre<br />

3.5–4.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries not radiate after anthesis.<br />

Moist riverbanks, floodlands, waysides, outer forest margins,<br />

canyons, coastal beaches; low elevations. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,<br />

<strong>ANTHEMIDEAE</strong><br />

691<br />

Guangxi, Guizhou, S Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,<br />

Jilin, Liaoning, S Shaanxi, Shandong, E Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang<br />

[N India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, N Vietnam].<br />

39b. Artemisia caruifolia var. schochii (Mattfeld) Pampanini,<br />

Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 34: 64<strong>9.</strong> 1927.<br />

大头青蒿 da tou qing hao<br />

Artemisia schochii Mattfeld, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni<br />

Veg. 22: 245. 1926; A. apiacea var. schochii (Mattfeld) Handel-<br />

Mazzetti.<br />

Middle stem leaves with lobes acutely serrate. Involucre<br />

4.5–7 mm in diam.; phyllaries radiate and florets deciduous after<br />

anthesis.<br />

● Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,<br />

Yunnan.<br />

40. Artemisia annua Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 847. 1753.<br />

黄花蒿 huang hua hao<br />

Artemisia annua f. macrocephala Pampanini; A. chamomilla<br />

C. Winkler; A. stewartii C. B. Clarke; A. wadei Edgeworth.<br />

Herbs, annual, 70–160(–200) cm tall, much branched,<br />

sparsely puberulent, soon glabrous, strongly aromatic. Leaves<br />

gland-dotted. Lowermost stem leaves: leaf blade ovate or triangular-ovate,<br />

3–7 × 2–6 cm, 3(or 4)-pinnatipartite; segments 5–<br />

8(–10) pairs. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade<br />

2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pectinatisect; lobules deeply serrate to<br />

pectinate; teeth triangular, 1–2 × ca. 0.5 mm; rachis narrowly<br />

winged, sparsely serrate or not; midvein prominent adaxially.<br />

Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite.<br />

Synflorescence a panicle to 15 × 8 cm, produced from most<br />

nodes to form broad, conical compound panicle. Capitula many,<br />

shortly pedunculate, closely subtended by whorl of bracteoles,<br />

nodding. Involucre globose, 1.5–2.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries<br />

broad and scarious, ± glabrous. Marginal female florets 10–18.<br />

Disk florets 10–30, bisexual; corolla dark yellow or yellow.<br />

Achenes ellipsoid-ovoid. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 18.<br />

Hills, waysides, wastelands, outer forest margins, steppes, forest<br />

steppes, dry floodlands, terraces, semidesert steppes, rocky slopes, roadsides,<br />

saline soils; 2000–3700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,<br />

Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,<br />

Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong,<br />

Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang<br />

[widely distributed in N Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America].<br />

Artemisia annua contains, among other essential oils, artemisinin<br />

(青蒿素 qing hao su). It is well known in Traditional Chinese Medicine<br />

for its anti-inflammatory, antifebrile, and hemostatic properties,<br />

and artemisinin has become widely valued as an effective treatment<br />

for strains of Plasmodium resistant to other anti-malarial drugs.<br />

41. Artemisia hedinii Ostenfeld in Hedin, S. Tibet 6(3): 41.<br />

1922.<br />

臭蒿 chou hao<br />

Herbs, annual, 15–60(–100) cm tall, purple, capitate

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