Ritual

The science of mathematics was closely allied to astronomy. To
ensure accurate predictions, astronomical data had to be compiled
on the basis of sophisticated mathematical calculations, and the
ancient Indians devised an efficient system of computing so that
they could deal with highly complex astronomical calculations.
Modern numerical script and methods of computing originated
primarily from Indian sources and were based on the combination
of two fundamental factors, the place-value given to the digits and
the zero-sign. Ancient Hindu mathematicians recognized number
as both abstract and concrete, and were, consequently, well
acquainted with the numerical quantity of objects and spatial
extension, necessary to develop algebra. They posited the notions
of 'possession' and 'debt' quantitatively to discriminate positive
from negative in order to concretize the existence of opposite
quantities. They also developed a wide application of word
numerals as well as symbols and arithmetical signs. In this system,
astronomical tables were condensed in verse and numerals were
expressed by means of objects, concepts, and so on. Thus, the
number one could be denoted by the moon or earth; two by any
Astronomical computation, based
on the Sarvatabhadra Yantra, composed
of nine fields, each of which
represents an aspect of the universe.
Kangra, Himachal Pradesh,
c. 18th century. Ink and gouache
on paper.
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