FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes Western

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click for previous page CEPHALOPODS
688 Cephalopods Introduction and General INTRODUCTION Remarks AND GENERAL REMARKS by M.C. Dunning, M.D. Norman, and A.L. Reid Living cephalopods include nautiluses, bobtail and bottle squids, pygmy cuttlefishes, cuttlefishes, squids, and octopuses. While they may not be as diverse a group as other molluscs or as the bony fishes in terms of number of species (about 600 cephalopod species described worldwide), they are very abundant and some reach large sizes. Hence they are of considerable ecological and commercial fisheries importance globally and in the Western Central Pacific. Remarks on Major REMARKS Groups of Commercial ON MAJOR Importance GROUPS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE Nautiluses (Family Nautilidae) Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell throughout their life cycle. This shell is divided into chambers by a large number of septae and provides buoyancy to the animal. The animal is housed in the newest chamber. A muscular hood on the dorsal side helps close the aperture when the animal is withdrawn into the shell. Nautiluses have primitive eyes filled with seawater and without lenses. They have arms that are whip-like tentacles arranged in a double crown surrounding the mouth. Although they have no suckers on these arms, mucus associated with them is adherent. Nautiluses are restricted to deeper continental shelf and slope waters of the Indo-West Pacific and are caught by artisanal fishers using baited traps set on the bottom. The flesh is used for food and the shell for the souvenir trade. Specimens are also caught for live export for use in home aquaria and for research purposes. Squids (Order Teuthida) The 2 suborders, Myopsida, “covered-eyed”, nearshore (neritic) squids, and Oegopsida, “open-eyed”, oceanic (pelagic) squids, occur in the oceans and seas of the world and the species reaching larger sizes form the basis of major fisheries. Some squids are demersal or epibenthic at some period of their life cycle, but most species are pelagic, living off the bottom in the water column where they are caught using a variety of fishing gear such as trawls, lift nets, and jigs. FAO’s Yearbook of Fishery Statistics records about 2 169 000 t of squids taken worldwide in 1995, with around 159 000 t taken from the Western Central Pacific. The suborder Myopsida is represented in the Western Central Pacific by the very speciose Family Loliginidae which includes 4 genera and is important in many small- and large-scale fisheries. Like all myopsids, the loliginids are demersal, predominantly near-shore or shelf species, frequently feeding near or on the bottom. These squid occur in schools and are often caught in large spawning aggregations. Some species tolerate reduced salinities and more turbid estuarine situations (e.g. Loliolus spp.) while others occur in clear waters around coral reefs (e.g. Sepioteuthis lessoniana). In some species, the spawning season is extended with peaks in early summer and autumn. Many small- to medium-sized eggs are encapsulated in gelatinous strings attached to shells, corals, and other substrates. Loliginid squids are opportunistic carnivores and grow rapidly. All species so far studied have life spans of less than one year; for the small tropical species, only a few months. major ocean habitats showing indicative distributions of abundant cephalopods (after Packard et al., 1972)
Page 1 and 2: click for previous page iv Table of
Page 3: vi Page Brachaeluridae . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: 690 Cephalopods Principal PRINCIPAL
Page 9 and 10: 692 Cephalopods To examine the cont
Page 11 and 12: 694 Cephalopods Chitin(ous) - a hor
Page 13 and 14: 696 Cephalopods Ink sac - the struc
Page 15 and 16: 698 Cephalopods Spermatophore groov
Page 17 and 18: 700 Cephalopods 6a. Fins small and
Page 19 and 20: 702 Cephalopods 15a. Surface of man
Page 21 and 22: 704 Cephalopods 23a. Arms short, ty
Page 23 and 24: 706 Cephalopods Order SEPIIDA - Cut
Page 25 and 26: 708 Cephalopods List of Familes LIS
Page 27 and 28: 710 Cephalopods Key to the species
Page 29 and 30: 712 Cephalopods Sepiolidae SEPIOLID
Page 31 and 32: 714 Cephalopods Eupryma morsei (Ver
Page 33 and 34: 716 Cephalopods Rossia bipapillata
Page 35 and 36: 718 Cephalopods Sepiolina nipponens
Page 37 and 38: 720 Cephalopods Sepiadarium kochii
Page 39 and 40: 722 Cephalopods Spirulidae SPIRULID
Page 41 and 42: 724 Cephalopods anterior last locul
Page 43 and 44: 726 Cephalopods it may be necessary
Page 45 and 46: 728 Cephalopods 4a. Five to 6 wine-
Page 47 and 48: 730 Cephalopods 11a. Tentacular clu
Page 49 and 50: 732 Cephalopods 23a. Hectocotylus w
Page 51 and 52: 734 Cephalopods List of species occ
Page 53 and 54: 736 Cephalopods Sepiidae Sepia acul
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click for previous page 738 Cephalo
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740 Cephalopods Sepia brevimana Ste
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742 Cephalopods Sepia esculenta Hoy
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744 Cephalopods Sepia latimanus Quo
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746 Cephalopods Sepia opipara (Ired
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748 Cephalopods Sepia pharaonis Ehr
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752 Cephalopods Sepia rozella (Ired
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754 Cephalopods Sepia stellifera Ho
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756 Cephalopods Sepiella inermis F
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758 Cephalopods Sepia bartletti (Ir
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760 Cephalopods Sepia mestus Gray,
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762 Cephalopods Sepia vossi Khromov
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766 Cephalopods Loligo reesi (Voss,
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768 Cephalopods 6a. Gladius relativ
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770 Cephalopods ventral view Fig. 1
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772 Cephalopods Nipponololigo beka
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774 Cephalopods “Photololigo chin
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776 Cephalopods “Photololigo edul
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778 Cephalopods “Sepioteuthis les
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780 Cephalopods Loliolus affinis St
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782 Cephalopods Similar families oc
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784 Cephalopods Onychoteuthidae ONY
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786 Cephalopods List of species occ
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790 Cephalopods 4a. Mantle very sle
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792 Cephalopods Nototodarus hawaiie
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794 Cephalopods Sthenoteuthis ouala
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796 Cephalopods Todaropsis eblanae
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798 Cephalopods Chiroteuthidae CHIR
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802 Cephalopods Ocythoidae (suborde
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804 Cephalopods 5a. Distinctly elon
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806 Cephalopods 14a. Small, elongat
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808 Cephalopods 22a. Pale longitudi
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810 Cephalopods Cistopus indicus (R
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812 Cephalopods Octopus cyanea Gray
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814 Cephalopods Octopus cf. luteus
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816 Cephalopods Octopus nocturnus N
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818 Cephalopods Octopus tetricus Go
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820 Cephalopods Ameloctopus litoral
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822 Cephalopods Octopus abaculus No
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824 Cephalopods Octopus australis H
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826 Cephalopods Octopus polyzenia G
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828 Stomatopods Technical Terms and
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830 Stomatopods propodus of HARPIOS
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832 Stomatopods ODONTODACTYLIDAE Od
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834 Stomatopods Odontodactylus scyl
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836 Stomatopods 2a. Antennal protop
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838 Stomatopods Harpiosquillidae HA
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840 Stomatopods 8a. Rostral plate l
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842 Stomatopods Squillidae SQUILLID
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844 Stomatopods 7a. Dorsal surface
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846 Stomatopods Cloridopsis scorpio
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848 Stomatopods Oratosquillina grav
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click for previous page SHRIMPS AND
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Technical Terms and Measurements 85
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General Remarks 855 The terms “sh
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List of Families 857 List of Famili
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Infraorder Penaeidae, Superfamily S
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Sergestidae 861 6a. Lower antennula
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Sergestidae 863 Acetes intermedius
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Sergestidae 865 Acetes vulgaris Han
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Superfamily Penaeoidea 867 Caridea:
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Aristeidae 869 Similar families occ
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Aristeidae 871 List of species occu
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Aristeidae 873 Aristeus virilis (Ba
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Solenoceridae 875 Solenoceridae SOL
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Solenoceridae 877 Stenopodidae: thi
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Solenoceridae 879 9a. Anterior end
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Solenoceridae 881 Haliporoides sibo
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Solenoceridae 883 Solenocera crassi
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Solenoceridae 885 Solenocera alfons
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Solenoceridae 887 Solenocera koelbe
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click for previous page Penaeidae 8
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Penaeidae 891 Sergestidae: size sma
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Penaeidae 893 9a. Carapace without
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Penaeidae 895 2a. Rostrum armed wit
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Penaeidae 897 17a. In males, basial
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Penaeidae 899 5a. Epigastric spine
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Penaeidae 901 2a. In males, petasma
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Penaeidae 903 9a. Adrostral crest e
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Penaeidae 905 Metapenaeopsis mannar
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Penaeidae 909 Metapenaeus anchistus
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Penaeidae 911 Metapenaeus intermedi
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Penaeidae 913 Parapenaeopsis hardwi
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Penaeidae 915 Penaeus esculentus Ha
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Penaeidae 917 Penaeus japonicus Bat
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Penaeidae 919 Penaeus longistylus K
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Penaeidae 921 Penaeus merguiensis D
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Penaeidae 923 Penaeus penicillatus
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Penaeidae 925 Penaeus semisulcatus
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Penaeidae 927 Trachypenaeus curviro
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Penaeidae 929 Atypopenaeus formosus
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Penaeidae 931 Metapenaeopsis novaeg
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Penaeidae 933 Metapenaeopsis wellsi
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Penaeidae 935 Metapenaeus conjunctu
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Penaeidae 937 Metapenaeus eboracens
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Penaeidae 939 Metapenaeus lysianass
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Penaeidae 943 Parapenaeopsis gracil
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Penaeidae 945 Parapenaeopsis tenell
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Penaeidae 947 Parapenaeus longipes
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Penaeidae 949 Trachypenaeus gonospi
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Penaeidae 951 Trachypenaeus villalu
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Sicyoniidae 953 Solenoceridae: body
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Stenopodidae 955 Stenopodidae Infra
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Infraorder Caridea 957 Infraorder C
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Infraorder Caridea 959 Superfamily
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Atyidae/Hippolytidae 961 Caridina w
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Hymenoceridae 963 Hymenoceridae HYM
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Palaemonidae 965 Exopalaemon stylif
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click for previous page Palaemonida
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Palaemonidae/Pandalidae 969 Palaemo
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Rhynchocinetidae 971 Rhynchocinetid
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974 Lobsters Technical Terms and Me
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976 Lobsters General Remarks GENERA
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978 Lobsters ENOPLOMETOPIDAE Page 9
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980 Lobsters List of FamiliesLIST a
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click for previous page 982 Lobster
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984 Lobsters Palinuridae: carapace
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986 Lobsters 6a. Abdomen smooth, wi
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988 Lobsters Acanthacaris tenuimana
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990 Lobsters Metanephrops thomsoni
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992 Lobsters Metanephrops andamanic
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994 Lobsters Metanephrops velutinus
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996 Lobsters Similar families occur
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998 Lobsters 3a. Carapace with 5 me
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1000 Lobsters Enoplometopus holthui
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1002 Lobsters Enoplometopidae: body
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1004 Lobsters Palibythus magnificus
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1006 Lobsters gonopore female leg 1
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1008 Lobsters Synaxidae: body very
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1010 Lobsters Key to the species of
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1012 Lobsters Key to the species of
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1014 Lobsters 8a. Antennular plate
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1016 Lobsters Panulirus homarus (Li
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1018 Lobsters Panulirus ornatus (Fa
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1020 Lobsters Panulirus polyphagus
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1022 Lobsters Justitia chani Poupin
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1024 Lobsters Linuparus sordidus Br
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1026 Lobsters Panulirus pascuensis
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click for previous page 1028 Lobste
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1030 Lobsters 5a. Medium size (adul
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1032 Lobsters 2a. Articulated parts
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1034 Lobsters Ibacus ciliatus (Von
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1036 Lobsters Ibacus pubescens Holt
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click for previous page 1038 Lobste
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1040 Lobsters Thenus orientalis (Lu
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1042 Lobsters Parribacus holthuisi
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click for previous page CRABS by P.
Page 361 and 362:
Technical Terms and Measurements 10
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General Remarks 1049 Poisonous Crab
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General Remarks 1051 Adult male and
Page 367 and 368:
General Remarks 1053 longitudinally
Page 369 and 370:
Imported Crabs of Commercial Import
Page 371 and 372:
Guide to Families 1057 CALAPPIDAE P
Page 373 and 374:
Guide to Families 1059 PORTUNIDAE P
Page 375 and 376:
Guide to Families/Key to Brachyura
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Key to Brachyura 1063 Fig. 9 Cyclod
Page 379 and 380:
Key to Brachyura 1065 13a. Opening
Page 381 and 382:
Key to Brachyura 1067 18a. Antennae
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Key to Brachyura 1069 Fig. 46 Atele
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Key to Brachyura 1071 30a. Last pai
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Key to Brachyura 1073 strongly recu
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Key to Brachyura 1075 42a. Longitud
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Key to Anomura 1077 48a. Male first
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Key to Anomura 1079 a) Fig. 103 Coe
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List of Families 1081 * CHEIRAGONID
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click for previous page Infraorder
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Dromiidae 1085 Dromiidae DROMIIDAE
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Dromiidae 1087 Dromia dormia (Linna
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Raninidae 1089 Raninidae RANINIDAE
Page 405 and 406:
Calappidae 1091 Calappidae CALAPPID
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Calappidae 1093 3a. Entire posterio
Page 409 and 410:
Calappidae 1095 Matuta victor (Fabr
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Calappidae 1097 Calappa hepatica (L
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Xanthidae 1099 Key to species of in
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Xanthidae 1101 Etisus splendidus Ra
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click for previous page Eriphiidae
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Eriphiidae 1105 6a. Dorsal surface
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Eriphiidae 1107 Menippe rumphii (Fa
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Eriphiidae 1109 Myomenippe fornasin
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Carpiliidae 1111 Carpilius convexus
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Pilumnidae 1113 A single species of
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click for previous page Portunidae
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Portunidae 1117 6a. Posterior borde
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Portunidae 1119 16a. Carapace with
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Portunidae 1121 Charybdis japonica
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Portunidae 1123 Podophthalmus vigil
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Portunidae 1125 Portunus sanguinole
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Portunidae 1127 The differences in
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Portunidae 1129 Thalamita crenata (
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Portunidae 1131 Charybdis annulata
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Geryonidae 1133 3a. Anterolateral m
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Geryonidae 1135 Chaceon australis M
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Majidae 1137 Schizophrys aspera (H.
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Grapsidae 1139 2a. Carapace squaris
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Grapsidae 1141 Key to food species
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Grapsidae 1143 Episesarma versicolo
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Grapsidae 1145 Episesarma chengtong
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click for previous page Gecarcinida
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Gecarcinidae 1149 Cardisoma carnife
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Gecarcinidae 1151 Cardisoma hirtipe
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Ocypodidae 1153 Ocypode ceratophtha
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Infraorder Anomura - Coenobitidae 1
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1158 Holothurians General Remarks G
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1160 Holothurians dentritic peltate
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1162 Holothurians oral tentacles ge
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1164 Holothurians Interradii (or in
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1166 Holothurians 11a. Tables with
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1168 Holothurians Actinopyga maurit
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1170 Holothurians Actinopyga palaue
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1172 Holothurians Bohadschia argus
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1174 Holothurians Bohadschia vitien
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1176 Holothurians Holothuria (Halod
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1178 Holothurians Holothuria (Merte
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1180 Holothurians Holothuria (Metri
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1182 Holothurians Holothuria (Micro
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1184 Holothurians Pearsonothuria gr
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1186 Holothurians Stichopus chloron
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1188 Holothurians Stichopus variega
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1190 Holothurians Thelenota anax Cl
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1192 Hagfishes MYXINIDAE Hagfishes
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1194 Sharks Technical Terms and Mea
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1196 Sharks General Remarks GENERAL
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1198 Sharks Key to Families KEY TO
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1200 Sharks 12a. No lobe and groove
Page 515 and 516:
1202 Sharks 21a. First dorsal fin l
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1204 Sharks PRISTIOPHORIDAE: Sawsha
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1206 Sharks PSEUDOTRIAKIDAE: False
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click for previous page 1208 Sharks
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1210 Sharks Heptranchias perlo (Bon
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1212 Sharks Key to the species of E
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1214 Sharks Squatinidae: trunk much
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1216 Sharks 11a. Diagonal distance
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1218 Sharks 20a. Upper teeth relati
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1220 Sharks 29a. Denticles on sides
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1222 Sharks Etmopterus molleri Whi
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1224 Sharks Centrophorus niaukang T
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1226 Sharks Etmopterus brachyurus S
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1228 Sharks Euprotomicrus bispinatu
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1230 Sharks Squalus megalops (Macle
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1232 Sharks Squalus sp. F [Last and
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1234 Sharks Key to the species of P
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1236 Sharks Rays (Batoidea): pector
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1238 Sharks HETERODONTIDAE Bullhead
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1240 Sharks Heterodontus galeatus (
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1242 Sharks List of species occurri
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1244 Sharks Key to the species of B
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1246 Sharks Similar families occurr
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1248 Sharks Orectolobus ornatus (de
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1250 Sharks Ginglymostomatidae: pre
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1252 Sharks 7a. Black spot behind g
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1254 Sharks Chiloscyllium hasselti
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1256 Sharks Chiloscyllium plagiosum
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1258 Sharks Hemiscyllium freycineti
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1260 Sharks GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Nurs
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1262 Sharks A single species in thi
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1264 Sharks Odontaspididae ODONTASP
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1266 Sharks Carcharias taurus Rafin
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1270 Sharks Key to the species of A
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1272 Sharks Alopias superciliosus (
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1274 Sharks LAMNIDAE Mackerel shark
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1276 Sharks Carcharodon carcharias
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1278 Sharks Isurus paucus Guitart M
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1280 Sharks Key to the species of S
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1282 Sharks 13a. Pectoral fin broad
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1284 Sharks 25a. Labial furrows ver
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1286 Sharks Apristurus herklotsi (F
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1288 Sharks Atelomycterus macleayi
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1290 Sharks Galeus gracilis Compagn
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1292 Sharks Scyliorhinus garmani (F
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1294 Sharks Triakidae: no gill rake
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1298 Sharks Proscylliidae: gill rak
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1300 Sharks 9a. Snout bluntly round
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1302 Sharks Galeorhinus galeus (Lin
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1304 Sharks Mustelus antarcticus G
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1306 Sharks Similar families occurr
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1308 Sharks Chaenogaleus macrostoma
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1310 Sharks Hemipristis elongatus (
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click for previous page 1312 Sharks
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1314 Sharks Odontaspididae: fifth g
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1316 Sharks 6a. Second dorsal-fin o
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1318 Sharks 12a. Head very flat and
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1320 Sharks 22a. Second dorsal fin
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1322 Sharks 30a. Usually 11 lower a
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1324 Sharks List of species occurri
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1326 Sharks Carcharhinus altimus (S
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1328 Sharks Carcharhinus amblyrhync
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1330 Sharks Carcharhinus borneensis
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1332 Sharks Carcharhinus brevipinna
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1334 Sharks Carcharhinus dussumieri
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1336 Sharks Carcharhinus fitzroyens
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1338 Sharks Carcharhinus hemiodon (
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1340 Sharks Carcharhinus limbatus (
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1342 Sharks Carcharhinus macloti (M
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1344 Sharks Carcharhinus obscurus (
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1346 Sharks Carcharhinus sealei (Pi
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1348 Sharks Carcharhinus tilstoni (
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1350 Sharks Lamiopsis temmincki (M
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1352 Sharks Negaprion acutidens (R
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1354 Sharks Rhizoprionodon acutus (
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1356 Sharks Rhizoprionodon taylori
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1358 Sharks Triaenodon obesus (Rüp
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1360 Sharks Glyphis sp. B En - Born
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1362 Sharks 2a. Anterior margin of
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1364 Sharks Sphyrna lewini (Griffit
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1366 Sharks Sphyrna zygaena (Linnae
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1368 The Living Marine Resources of
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FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE FO
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Carpenter, K.E.; Niem, V.H. (eds) F
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