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MALATHION 165 3. HEALTH EFFECTS There are no adequate data to evaluate whether pharmacokinetics of malathion in children are different from adults. There is no information to evaluate whether metabolism of malathion is different in children than in adults since the specific P-450 enzymes involved in the metabolism are not known. Only one report was found regarding levels of malathion (or metabolites) in human milk (Roggi et al. 1991). There is evidence in animals that it (or its metabolites) can be transferred via breast milk to the offspring (Chhabra et al. 1993) and that it can cross the placenta (Machin and McBride 1989b; Mathews and Devi 1994). Further information on the dynamics of malathion and metabolites during pregnancy and lactation would be useful. Biomarkers of exposure need to be further studied in order to better estimate human exposure at all age levels following acute or chronic exposure to malathion. There are no data on the interaction of malathion with other chemicals in children. Studies in animals have suggested that malnutrition, as may occur among some sectors of the general population, may exacerbate the toxicity of malathion (Bulusu and Chakravarty 1984; Prabhakaran and Devi 1993). Further studies on children from undernourished populations should be conducted to explore this issue. The information available indicates that methods to reduce peak absorption of malathion and to interfere with the mechanism of action used for intoxication in adults are applicable to children. Child health data needs relating to exposure are discussed in 6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs: Exposures of Children. 3.12.3 Ongoing Studies The following ongoing studies concerning health effects associated with malathion have been identified in the Federal Research in Progress (FEDRIP 2002) database. Dr. R.L. Carr at the Mississippi State University has proposed to determine the effects on behavior and neurochemical function in animals exposed to chronic low levels of malathion and other insecticides. Laboratory rats will be exposed at birth and continue until weaning, a critical time of central nervous system development. The research is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. H.P. Misra at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute plans to investigate the mechanism of potential genotoxicity of malathion and pesticide mixtures in immune cells in vitro. Specific studies include (1) induction of apoptotic cell death by pesticides, (2) the role of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappa B in
MALATHION 166 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mediating the toxic effects as a consequence of oxidative stress, and (3) the persistence of DNA damage induced by inhibition of repair enzymes. The cells used will be splenocytes and thymocytes from C57B1/6 mice. The research is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MALATHION
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MALATHION iii UPDATE STATEMENT A To
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MALATHION viii Managing Hazardous M
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MALATHION xi PEER REVIEW A peer rev
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MALATHION xiv 3.2.3.2 Systemic Effe
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MALATHION xvii LIST OF FIGURES 3-1.
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MALATHION 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEM
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MALATHION 11 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATE
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MALATHION 14 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MALATHION 24 3. HEALTH EFFECTS oral
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MALATHION 26 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sing
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≤
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MALATHION 30 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Resp
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MALATHION 32 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Rena
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MALATHION 40 3. HEALTH EFFECTS the
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a Key to figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 Species
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a Key to figure 15 16 17 18 Species
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a Key to figure 24 25 26 27 28 29 S
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a Key to figure 40 41 42 43 44 45 S
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a Key to figure 55 56 57 58 59 60 S
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a Key to figure 67 68 69 70 Species
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a Key to figure 83 84 85 86 87 88 8
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a Key to figure 91 Species (Strain)
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a Key to figure 93 94 Species (Stra
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≤
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MALATHION 64 3.2.2.2 Systemic Effec
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MALATHION 66 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 1965
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MALATHION 68 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Hepa
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MALATHION 82 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Clin
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MALATHION 84 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mala
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MALATHION 86 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tera
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MALATHION 88 3. HEALTH EFFECTS for
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MALATHION 90 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sugg
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Species (Strain) Systemic Exposure/
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MALATHION 94 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Endo
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MALATHION 96 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Othe
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MALATHION 98 3. HEALTH EFFECTS derm
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MALATHION 100 3. HEALTH EFFECTS al.
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MALATHION 102 3. HEALTH EFFECTS of
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MALATHION 104 3. HEALTH EFFECTS per
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MALATHION 106 3.4.1.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 108 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 110 3. HEALTH EFFECTS fir
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MALATHION 112 3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposu
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MALATHION 216 7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
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MALATHION 224 7.3.1 Identification
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MALATHION 226 8. REGULATIONS AND AD
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MALATHION 238 9. REFERENCES *Agency
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MALATHION 240 9. REFERENCES *Barnes
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MALATHION 242 9. REFERENCES *Brown
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MALATHION 244 9. REFERENCES *Choi P
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MALATHION 246 9. REFERENCES *De Ble
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MALATHION 248 9. REFERENCES Ehrich
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MALATHION 250 9. REFERENCES EPA. 20
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MALATHION 252 9. REFERENCES *Gaines
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MALATHION 254 9. REFERENCES *Harman
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MALATHION 256 9. REFERENCES Jianmon
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MALATHION 258 9. REFERENCES Kimbrou
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MALATHION 260 9. REFERENCES *Lechne
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MALATHION 262 9. REFERENCES *Mackis
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MALATHION 264 9. REFERENCES Mohn G.
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MALATHION 266 9. REFERENCES NIOSH.
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MALATHION 268 9. REFERENCES *Prabha
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MALATHION 272 9. REFERENCES *Singar
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MALATHION 274 9. REFERENCES *Thongs
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MALATHION 276 9. REFERENCES Viccell
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MALATHION 278 9. REFERENCES Yess NJ
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MALATHION 280 10. GLOSSARY Ceiling
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MALATHION 282 10. GLOSSARY Mutagen
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MALATHION 284 10. GLOSSARY Risk—T
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MALATHION A-2 APPENDIX A are not ex
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MALATHION A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-6 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-8 APPENDIX A If an inha
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MALATHION A-10 Uncertainty Factors
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MALATHION B-2 Interpretation of Min
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MALATHION B-4 APPENDIX B (8) NOAEL
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1 2 3 4 12 → → → → → Key
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MALATHION C-1 APPENDIX C. ACRONYMS,
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MALATHION C-3 APPENDIX C MFO mixed
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MALATHION C-5 > greater than $ grea
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