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MALATHION 173 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL data are available. In 1978, U.S. exports of malathion were estimated to be 11,020,000 million pounds (SRI 2000). 5.3 USE Malathion is a nonsystemic broad-spectrum organophosphorus (OP) contact, stomach, and respiratory insecticide and acaricide effective by direct contact, oral ingestion,and inhalation exposure that is used in agriculture and horticulture applications (HSDB 2001). Malathion is applied to a wide variety of crops including alfalfa, apple, apricot, asparagus, avocado, barley, bean (succulent and dry), beets (garden, table, and sugar), blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, chayote, cherry, clover, corn, cotton, cucumber, date dewberry, eggplant, potato, fig, flax, garlic, gooseberry, grape, grapefruit, guava, hay grass, hops, horseradish, kale, kohlrabi, kumquat, leek, lemon, lettuce, lime, loganberry, macadamia nut, mango, melon, mint, mushroom, mustard greens, nectarines, oats, okra, onion, orange, pea, peach, pear, pecan, pepper, pineapple, pumpkin, radish, raspberry, spinach, wheat, squash, strawberry, tangerine, tomato, walnut, watermelon, wild rice, and yam crops. Malathion may also be used for an indoor stored commodity treatment and in empty storage facilities for barley, corn, oats, and wheat (EPA 2000d). It is also used by homeowners for ornamental flowering plants, ornamental lawns, ornamental turf, vegetable gardens, and fruit trees; at golf courses for ornamental flowers, shrubs, and trees; at Christmas tree plantations; and around uncultivated nonagricultural areas, outdoor garbage dumps, intermittently flooded areas, irrigation and sewage systems, pastures, and range land. Malathion is also used to control ectoparasites of cattle (Budavari 1996), flies, and human head and body lice (nonFIFRA pharmaceutical use). It is also used in regional pest eradication programs to control boll weevil, medfly (USDA), and mosquito (EPA 2000d). Malathion is generally applied as a spray using conventional ground or air equipment, and application rates depend on use (von Rumker et al. 1974). Data for the domestic use of malathion by volume was estimated to be 16.2 million pounds in 1972, and 2–3 million pounds in 1995 and 1996 (EPA 2000e). The estimated total average use of malathion in the United States is 16.7 million pounds as the active ingredient. Of the 16.7 million pounds, approximately 12 million pounds of active ingredient are used on agricultural crops and 90% of the 12 million pounds is used on cotton to control boll weevil (USDA); approximately 0.5 million pounds are used around buildings, roads, and ditches; approximately 0.3 million pounds are applied to post harvest corn, wheat, and oats; approximately 800,000 pounds are used for medfly control (USDA); and approximately 472,000 pounds are used to control mosquitos (EPA 2000d). Other sources state that the total amount of
MALATHION 174 5. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL malathion used in 1994 in the United States was 3,377,681 pounds (Gianessi and Anderson 1997), with 782,434 pounds in California (Annual Pesticide Use Report 1996) 5.4 DISPOSAL Incineration in a furnace equipped with an afterburner and a scrubber is the recommended method of disposal for malathion (Sittig 1985). If incineration is not an available option, malathion may be disposed of by absorbing in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and then then being buried at a designated landfill site (Mackison 1981). Only small amounts of malathion may be land filled (United Nations 1985). Waste water treatment technologies using biological treatment and reverse osmosis have been investigated for malathion (EPA 1982). Another method of disposal that has been suggested for malathion is molten salt combustion using potassium chloride. This process is attractive because the destruction of malathion is >99% and the products of combustion can be used as a fertilizer (United Nations 1985).
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MALATHION
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MALATHION iii UPDATE STATEMENT A To
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MALATHION viii Managing Hazardous M
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MALATHION xi PEER REVIEW A peer rev
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MALATHION xiv 3.2.3.2 Systemic Effe
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MALATHION xvii LIST OF FIGURES 3-1.
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MALATHION 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEM
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MALATHION 11 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATE
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MALATHION 14 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MALATHION 24 3. HEALTH EFFECTS oral
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MALATHION 26 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sing
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≤
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MALATHION 30 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Resp
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MALATHION 32 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Rena
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MALATHION 34 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Stud
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MALATHION 36 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Fran
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MALATHION 38 3. HEALTH EFFECTS more
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MALATHION 40 3. HEALTH EFFECTS the
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a Key to figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 Species
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a Key to figure 15 16 17 18 Species
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a Key to figure 24 25 26 27 28 29 S
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a Key to figure 40 41 42 43 44 45 S
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a Key to figure 55 56 57 58 59 60 S
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a Key to figure 67 68 69 70 Species
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a Key to figure 83 84 85 86 87 88 8
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a Key to figure 91 Species (Strain)
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a Key to figure 93 94 Species (Stra
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MALATHION 64 3.2.2.2 Systemic Effec
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MALATHION 66 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 1965
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MALATHION 68 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Hepa
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MALATHION 70 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 72 3. HEALTH EFFECTS an u
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MALATHION 74 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Meta
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MALATHION 76 3. HEALTH EFFECTS clas
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MALATHION 78 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 80 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 82 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Clin
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MALATHION 84 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mala
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MALATHION 86 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tera
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MALATHION 88 3. HEALTH EFFECTS for
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MALATHION 90 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sugg
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Species (Strain) Systemic Exposure/
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MALATHION 94 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Endo
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MALATHION 96 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Othe
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MALATHION 98 3. HEALTH EFFECTS derm
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MALATHION 100 3. HEALTH EFFECTS al.
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MALATHION 102 3. HEALTH EFFECTS of
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MALATHION 104 3. HEALTH EFFECTS per
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MALATHION 106 3.4.1.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 108 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 110 3. HEALTH EFFECTS fir
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MALATHION 112 3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposu
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MALATHION 114 3. HEALTH EFFECTS neu
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MALATHION 116 3. HEALTH EFFECTS aci
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MALATHION 118 3.4.4.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 120 3. HEALTH EFFECTS agr
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MALATHION 224 7.3.1 Identification
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MALATHION 226 8. REGULATIONS AND AD
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MALATHION 238 9. REFERENCES *Agency
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MALATHION 240 9. REFERENCES *Barnes
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MALATHION 242 9. REFERENCES *Brown
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MALATHION 244 9. REFERENCES *Choi P
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MALATHION 246 9. REFERENCES *De Ble
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MALATHION 248 9. REFERENCES Ehrich
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MALATHION 250 9. REFERENCES EPA. 20
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MALATHION 252 9. REFERENCES *Gaines
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MALATHION 254 9. REFERENCES *Harman
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MALATHION 256 9. REFERENCES Jianmon
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MALATHION 258 9. REFERENCES Kimbrou
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MALATHION 260 9. REFERENCES *Lechne
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MALATHION 262 9. REFERENCES *Mackis
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MALATHION 264 9. REFERENCES Mohn G.
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MALATHION 266 9. REFERENCES NIOSH.
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MALATHION 268 9. REFERENCES *Prabha
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MALATHION 270 9. REFERENCES *Roy RR
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MALATHION 272 9. REFERENCES *Singar
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MALATHION 274 9. REFERENCES *Thongs
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MALATHION 276 9. REFERENCES Viccell
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MALATHION 278 9. REFERENCES Yess NJ
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MALATHION 280 10. GLOSSARY Ceiling
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MALATHION 282 10. GLOSSARY Mutagen
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MALATHION 284 10. GLOSSARY Risk—T
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MALATHION A-2 APPENDIX A are not ex
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MALATHION A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-6 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-8 APPENDIX A If an inha
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MALATHION A-10 Uncertainty Factors
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MALATHION B-2 Interpretation of Min
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MALATHION B-4 APPENDIX B (8) NOAEL
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1 2 3 4 12 → → → → → Key
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MALATHION C-1 APPENDIX C. ACRONYMS,
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MALATHION C-3 APPENDIX C MFO mixed
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MALATHION C-5 > greater than $ grea
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