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MALATHION 199 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE the study conducted during June 1984–April 1986 (Gunderson et al. 1995a), occurring in 22% of the samples, and was the most frequently detected pesticide in the study conducted during July 1986–April 1991, occurring in 20% of the samples (Gunderson et al. 1995b). For the period June 1984–April 1986, the mean daily intake estimates for malathion were 0.1333 µg/kg/day for the 6–11 months group, 0.2548 µg/kg/day for the 2 years group, 0.0835 µg/kg/day for the 14–16 years female group, 0.1159 µg/kg/day for the 14–16 years male group, 0.0699 µg/kg/day for the 25–30 years female group, 0.0796 µg/kg/day for the 25–30 years male group, 0.0615 µg/kg/day for the 60–65 years female group, and 0.0719 µg/kg/day for the 60–65 years male group (Gunderson et al. 1995a). For the period July 1986–April 1991, the mean daily intake estimates for malathion were 0.1139 µg/kg/day for the 6– 11 months group, 0.2184 µg/kg/day for the 2 years group, 0.0686 µg/kg/day for the 14–16 years female group, and 0.0965 for the µg/kg/day 14–16 years male group, 0.0598 µg/kg/day for the 25–30 years female group, 0.0704 µg/kg/day for the 25–30 years male group, 0.0567 µg/kg/day for the 60–65 years female group, and 0.0645 µg/kg/day for the 60–65 years male group (Gunderson et al. 1995b). FDA Total Diet Studies conducted in 1979–1980 and 1980–1982 estimated the average daily exposure to malathion was 14.0 µg/day (Gartrell et al. 1985) and 16.8 µg/day, respectively (Gartrell et al. 1985). Based on an EPA risk assessment of malathion conducted, in part, using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM), acute dietary exposure to malathion (plus malaoxon) from food is not a concern for the majority (95 th exposure percentile) of the U.S. population (EPA 2000a). Based on a calculated acute population adjusted dose (aPAD), at which no adverse health effects would be expected using the safety factor prescribed in the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), the population subgroup with the highest acute dietary exposure (at 38% of the aPAD) is children aged 1–6 (EPA 2000a). For chronic dietary exposure, the population subgroup with the highest exposure (at 1.6% of the cPAD) is also children aged 1–6. However, values of
MALATHION 200 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE NIOSH estimated that approximately 19,170 U.S. workers, employed in 18 occupations excluding farm work, are potentially exposed to malathion in occupational settings; of these, an estimated 1,909 are females (NIOSH 1981). Occupational exposure to malathion is mainly through the dermal route, but may also occur through inhalation. The OSHA workplace air environmental limit for malathion is 15 mg/m 3 (NIOSH 2001). Agricultural workers and commercial applicators may also be exposed to malathion through occupational practices. Farm worker protection measures include routine cholinesterase monitoring of blood samples; similar monitoring is required in many states for commercial applicators who apply organophosphate insecticides (Fenske and Leffingwell 1989). For many crops, the restricted entry intervals for workers to enter fields treated with malathion following application are generally short (
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MALATHION
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MALATHION iii UPDATE STATEMENT A To
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MALATHION viii Managing Hazardous M
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MALATHION xi PEER REVIEW A peer rev
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MALATHION xiv 3.2.3.2 Systemic Effe
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MALATHION xvii LIST OF FIGURES 3-1.
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MALATHION 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEM
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MALATHION 11 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATE
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MALATHION 14 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MALATHION 24 3. HEALTH EFFECTS oral
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MALATHION 26 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sing
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≤
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MALATHION 30 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Resp
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MALATHION 32 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Rena
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MALATHION 34 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Stud
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MALATHION 36 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Fran
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MALATHION 38 3. HEALTH EFFECTS more
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MALATHION 40 3. HEALTH EFFECTS the
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a Key to figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 Species
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a Key to figure 15 16 17 18 Species
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a Key to figure 24 25 26 27 28 29 S
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a Key to figure 40 41 42 43 44 45 S
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a Key to figure 55 56 57 58 59 60 S
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a Key to figure 67 68 69 70 Species
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a Key to figure 83 84 85 86 87 88 8
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a Key to figure 91 Species (Strain)
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a Key to figure 93 94 Species (Stra
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≤
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≤
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MALATHION 64 3.2.2.2 Systemic Effec
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MALATHION 66 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 1965
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MALATHION 68 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Hepa
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MALATHION 70 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 72 3. HEALTH EFFECTS an u
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MALATHION 74 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Meta
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MALATHION 76 3. HEALTH EFFECTS clas
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MALATHION 78 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 80 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 82 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Clin
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MALATHION 84 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mala
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MALATHION 86 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tera
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MALATHION 88 3. HEALTH EFFECTS for
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MALATHION 90 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sugg
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Species (Strain) Systemic Exposure/
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MALATHION 94 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Endo
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MALATHION 96 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Othe
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MALATHION 98 3. HEALTH EFFECTS derm
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MALATHION 100 3. HEALTH EFFECTS al.
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MALATHION 102 3. HEALTH EFFECTS of
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MALATHION 104 3. HEALTH EFFECTS per
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MALATHION 106 3.4.1.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 108 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 110 3. HEALTH EFFECTS fir
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MALATHION 112 3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposu
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MALATHION 114 3. HEALTH EFFECTS neu
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MALATHION 116 3. HEALTH EFFECTS aci
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MALATHION 118 3.4.4.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 120 3. HEALTH EFFECTS agr
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MALATHION 122 V E N O U S BLOOD 3.
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MALATHION 124 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tab
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MALATHION 126 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mus
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MALATHION 128 3.5.2 Mechanisms of T
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MALATHION 130 3. HEALTH EFFECTS pla
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MALATHION 132 3. HEALTH EFFECTS In
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MALATHION 134 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Ove
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MALATHION 136 3. HEALTH EFFECTS are
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MALATHION 138 3. HEALTH EFFECTS whe
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MALATHION 140 3. HEALTH EFFECTS the
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MALATHION 142 3. HEALTH EFFECTS org
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MALATHION 144 3. HEALTH EFFECTS The
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MALATHION 146 3. HEALTH EFFECTS pla
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Page 187 and 188: MALATHION 168 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSI
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MALATHION 250 9. REFERENCES EPA. 20
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MALATHION 252 9. REFERENCES *Gaines
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MALATHION 254 9. REFERENCES *Harman
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MALATHION 256 9. REFERENCES Jianmon
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MALATHION 258 9. REFERENCES Kimbrou
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MALATHION 260 9. REFERENCES *Lechne
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MALATHION 262 9. REFERENCES *Mackis
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MALATHION 264 9. REFERENCES Mohn G.
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MALATHION 266 9. REFERENCES NIOSH.
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MALATHION 268 9. REFERENCES *Prabha
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MALATHION 270 9. REFERENCES *Roy RR
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MALATHION 272 9. REFERENCES *Singar
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MALATHION 274 9. REFERENCES *Thongs
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MALATHION 276 9. REFERENCES Viccell
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MALATHION 278 9. REFERENCES Yess NJ
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MALATHION 280 10. GLOSSARY Ceiling
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MALATHION 282 10. GLOSSARY Mutagen
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MALATHION 284 10. GLOSSARY Risk—T
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MALATHION A-2 APPENDIX A are not ex
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MALATHION A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-6 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-8 APPENDIX A If an inha
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MALATHION A-10 Uncertainty Factors
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MALATHION B-2 Interpretation of Min
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MALATHION B-4 APPENDIX B (8) NOAEL
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1 2 3 4 12 → → → → → Key
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MALATHION C-1 APPENDIX C. ACRONYMS,
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MALATHION C-3 APPENDIX C MFO mixed
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MALATHION C-5 > greater than $ grea
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