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MALATHION 185 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE Malathion has been observed to be very highly mobile to highly mobile in sandy loam, sand, loam, and silt loam soils, with Freundlich Kd values of 0.83–2.47 (EPA 2000a). However, the corresponding Koc values (151–183) for the four soils indicate that malathion may also be classified as moderately mobile in the soils. At the concentrations (not reported) tested in the batch equilibrium study, the soil adsorption isotherms were found to be linear, indicating that adsorption was independent of concentration (EPA 2000a). It is noted, however, that malathion is rapidly degraded in the soil, with a half-life of
MALATHION 186 6. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE In the EPA RED for malathion, BCF values ranging from 23 to 135 were reported for whole bluegill sunfish, while a range of 4.2–18 was reported for the edible tissue of the fish (EPA 2000a). These results, reported to EPA by the malathion registrant, and those reported in Howard (1991) do not clearly indicate whether bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is an important fate process for malathion that would allow for the potential for biomagnification of malathion residues in the food chain. However, it was also reported to EPA that 96 and 73% of the malathion residues depurated from the whole and edible fish tissues, respectively, during a 14-day depuration period. Additionally, residue analysis indicated that the parent compound was partially metabolized in the fish, with 33.3–35.9% of the residues present as the degradate malathion monocarboxylic acid and 5.7% of the residues present as 1 of 22 other compounds including malathion dicarboxylic acid, malaoxon, demethyl malathion, monoethylfumarate, and oxalacetic acid (EPA 2000a). Additionally, in a review paper, Niimi (1987) reported that the half-life of malathion in the muscle tissue of carp was 1 day. These data indicate, despite the apparent tendency of malathion to partition into the tissues of aquatic organisms, that the potential for biomagnification in the food chain is likely to be low because malathion appears to be metabolized by the aquatic organisms. No data were found in the literature on the partitioning of malathion into and within plants. 6.3.2 Transformation and Degradation In general, malathion is degraded in the environment through two main pathways, activation and degradation (Mulla et al. 1981). Activation of the compound involves oxidative desulfuration, yielding the degradate malaoxon, a cholinesterase inhibitor with greater toxic properties than its parent compound. Activation may be achieved by photooxidation, chemical oxidation, or biological activation, the latter of which occurs enzymatically through the activity of mixed function oxidases (Mulla et al. 1981). Degradation of malathion occurs through both chemical and biological means, with hydrolysis being the most important pathway for each (Konrad et al. 1969). Biological degradation through the hydrolytic pathway is mainly achieved through the enzymatic activity of carboxylesterases and phosphatases, and to a lesser extent through the activity of reductase (Laveglia and Dahm 1997; Mulla et al. 1981). Malathion may also be degraded through des- or dealkylation of the O-methyl or O-ethyl groups, mediated by a phosphatase/mixed-function oxidase system (Laveglia and Dahm 1977; Mulla et al. 1981).
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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MALATHION
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MALATHION iii UPDATE STATEMENT A To
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MALATHION viii Managing Hazardous M
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MALATHION xi PEER REVIEW A peer rev
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MALATHION xiv 3.2.3.2 Systemic Effe
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MALATHION xvii LIST OF FIGURES 3-1.
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MALATHION 1 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEM
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MALATHION 11 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATE
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MALATHION 14 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC
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MALATHION 24 3. HEALTH EFFECTS oral
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MALATHION 26 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sing
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≤
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MALATHION 30 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Resp
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MALATHION 32 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Rena
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MALATHION 34 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Stud
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MALATHION 36 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Fran
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MALATHION 38 3. HEALTH EFFECTS more
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MALATHION 40 3. HEALTH EFFECTS the
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a Key to figure 1 2 3 4 5 6 Species
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a Key to figure 15 16 17 18 Species
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a Key to figure 24 25 26 27 28 29 S
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a Key to figure 40 41 42 43 44 45 S
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a Key to figure 55 56 57 58 59 60 S
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a Key to figure 67 68 69 70 Species
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a Key to figure 83 84 85 86 87 88 8
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a Key to figure 91 Species (Strain)
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a Key to figure 93 94 Species (Stra
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≤
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≤
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MALATHION 64 3.2.2.2 Systemic Effec
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MALATHION 66 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 1965
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MALATHION 68 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Hepa
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MALATHION 70 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 72 3. HEALTH EFFECTS an u
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MALATHION 74 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Meta
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MALATHION 76 3. HEALTH EFFECTS clas
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MALATHION 78 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 80 3. HEALTH EFFECTS appr
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MALATHION 82 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Clin
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MALATHION 84 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mala
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MALATHION 86 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tera
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MALATHION 88 3. HEALTH EFFECTS for
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MALATHION 90 3. HEALTH EFFECTS sugg
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Species (Strain) Systemic Exposure/
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MALATHION 94 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Endo
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MALATHION 96 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Othe
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MALATHION 98 3. HEALTH EFFECTS derm
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MALATHION 100 3. HEALTH EFFECTS al.
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MALATHION 102 3. HEALTH EFFECTS of
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MALATHION 104 3. HEALTH EFFECTS per
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MALATHION 106 3.4.1.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 108 3. HEALTH EFFECTS was
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MALATHION 110 3. HEALTH EFFECTS fir
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MALATHION 112 3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposu
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MALATHION 114 3. HEALTH EFFECTS neu
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MALATHION 116 3. HEALTH EFFECTS aci
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MALATHION 118 3.4.4.1 Inhalation Ex
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MALATHION 120 3. HEALTH EFFECTS agr
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MALATHION 122 V E N O U S BLOOD 3.
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MALATHION 124 3. HEALTH EFFECTS Tab
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MALATHION 126 3. HEALTH EFFECTS mus
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MALATHION 128 3.5.2 Mechanisms of T
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MALATHION 130 3. HEALTH EFFECTS pla
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MALATHION 132 3. HEALTH EFFECTS In
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MALATHION 236 8. REGULATIONS AND AD
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MALATHION 238 9. REFERENCES *Agency
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MALATHION 240 9. REFERENCES *Barnes
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MALATHION 242 9. REFERENCES *Brown
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MALATHION 244 9. REFERENCES *Choi P
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MALATHION 246 9. REFERENCES *De Ble
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MALATHION 248 9. REFERENCES Ehrich
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MALATHION 250 9. REFERENCES EPA. 20
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MALATHION 252 9. REFERENCES *Gaines
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MALATHION 254 9. REFERENCES *Harman
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MALATHION 256 9. REFERENCES Jianmon
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MALATHION 258 9. REFERENCES Kimbrou
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MALATHION 260 9. REFERENCES *Lechne
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MALATHION 262 9. REFERENCES *Mackis
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MALATHION 264 9. REFERENCES Mohn G.
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MALATHION 266 9. REFERENCES NIOSH.
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MALATHION 268 9. REFERENCES *Prabha
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MALATHION 270 9. REFERENCES *Roy RR
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MALATHION 272 9. REFERENCES *Singar
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MALATHION 274 9. REFERENCES *Thongs
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MALATHION 276 9. REFERENCES Viccell
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MALATHION 278 9. REFERENCES Yess NJ
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MALATHION 280 10. GLOSSARY Ceiling
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MALATHION 282 10. GLOSSARY Mutagen
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MALATHION 284 10. GLOSSARY Risk—T
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MALATHION A-2 APPENDIX A are not ex
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MALATHION A-4 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-6 APPENDIX A Was a conv
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MALATHION A-8 APPENDIX A If an inha
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MALATHION A-10 Uncertainty Factors
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MALATHION B-2 Interpretation of Min
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MALATHION B-4 APPENDIX B (8) NOAEL
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1 2 3 4 12 → → → → → Key
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MALATHION C-1 APPENDIX C. ACRONYMS,
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MALATHION C-3 APPENDIX C MFO mixed
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MALATHION C-5 > greater than $ grea
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