2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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injured manatees. For example, how will a captive raised calf learn to find warm water effluents during cold spells? Can adult manatees learn successful migration routes or must they be learned during early development? From an ultimate perspective, manatees are also quite challenging due to the lack of closely related extant species and to the sparse fossil record. But, paleo-sirenian research by Daryl Domning, and others, continues to offer insight to the evolution and function of modern manatee behaviors. Why are there fewer sirenian species today than during the past? Does the evolution of the species Homo correlate with the decline of sirenians or were other environmental factors the reason for their extinctions? Will answers to these and other ultimate questions aid in our conservation efforts? Although manatees are generally considered elusive, there are cases where they appear to be curious and actually initiate contact with humans. Likewise, many behaviors tend vary between individuals, populations, and species. Because of the variable nature of manatee behavior, we must be careful in applying what we know about the Florida population to other areas. The Florida subspecies is fortunate to have the efforts of many US citizens and agencies working toward conservation issues and manatee behavior plays and important role in making management decisions in Florida. However, West Indian manatees are considered endangered throughout their range. Continued research effort on populations in the more tropical regions of the Caribbean is necessary for decision makers in those countries to make effective management decisions. REFERENCES Alcock, John. 1998. Animal Behavior. Sixth edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. 640 pp. Anderson, Paul K. 1997. Shark Bay dugongs in summer. I: Lek mating. Behaviour. 134(5-6):433-462. Auil, Nicole. 1998. Belize Manatee Recovery Plan. UNDP/GEF Coastal Zone Management Project, BZE/92/G31, Belize/UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica. 67 pp. Bengtson, John L. 1981. Ecology of Manatees Trichechus manatus) in the St. Johns River, Florida. Ph. D. thesis. University of Minnesota. Bengtson, John L., and Shannon M. Fitzgerald. 1985. Potential role of vocalizations in West Indian manatees. Journal of Mammalogy. 66(4):816- 819. Domning, Daryl P. 1980. Feeding position preference in manatees (Trichechus). Journal of Mammalogy 61(3):544-547. Domning, Daryl P. 1982. Evolution of manatees: a speculative history. Journal of Paleontology. 56(3):599-619. 10 Domning, Daryl P., and Lee-Ann Hayek. 1984. Horizontal tooth replacement in the Amazonian manatee. Mammalia 48:105-127. Drickamer, Lee C., Stephen H. Vessey, and Doug Meikle. 1996. Animal Behavior: Mechanisms, Ecology, Evolution. Fourth edition. Boston: William C. Brown Publishers. 447 pp. Fischer, M. S. 1990. The unique ear of elephants and manatees (Mammalia): a phylogenetic paradox. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, SER. III, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 157-162. Gaeth, A. P., R. V. Short and M. B. Renfree. 1999. The developing renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems of the Africa elephant suggest an aquatic ancestry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96(10):5555-5558. Hartman, Daniel S. 1979. Ecology and behavior of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. Special publication no. 5. American Society of Mammalogists. 153 pp. ISBN 0-9436-1204-7. Hernandez, Patricia, John E. Reynolds, III, Helene Marsh, and Miriam Marmontel. 1995. Age and seasonality in spermatogenesis of Florida manatees. pp. 84-95 in Thomas J. O'Shea, Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin Percival, editors. Population biology of the Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. Husar, Sandra L. 1977. The West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. Wildlife Research Report No. 7. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 22 pp. Irvin, A. Blair. 1983. Manatee metabolism and its influence on distribution in Florida. Biological Conservation. 25:315-334. Koelsch, Jessica K. 1997. The Seasonal Occurrence and Ecology of Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Coastal Waters near Sarasota, Florida. Masters thesis. University of South Florida. Tampa, Florida. Lefebvre, Lynn W., Thomas J. O'Shea, Galen B. Rathbun, and R. C. Best. 1989. Distribution, status, and biogeography of the West Indian manatee. pp. 567-610 in Biogeography of the West Indies. ed. Charles A. Woods. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane Press. ISBN 0-8493-2001-1. Lehner, Philip N. 1996. Handbook of Ethological Methods, 2 nd edition. Cambridge University Press. 672 pp. Maluf, N. S. R. 1995. Kidney of elephants. Anatomical Record 242(4):491-514. Marmontel, Miriam. 1995. Age and reproduction in female Florida manatees. Pages 98-119 in Thomas J. O'Shea, Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin Percival, editors. Population biology of the
Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. Marmontel, Miriam, Thomas J. O'Shea, and S.R. Humphrey. 1990. An evaluation of bone growthlayer counts as an age determination technique in Florida manatees. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va. Document PB 91- 103564. 104 pp. Marsh, Helene. 1995. The life history, pattern of breeding, and population dynamics of the dugong. pp. 75- 83 in Thomas J. O'Shea, Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin Percival, editors. Population biology of the Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. Martin, Paul, and Patrick Bateson. 1993. Measuring Behaviour – An introductory guide, 2 nd edition. Cambridge University Press. 222 pp. Odell, Daniel K. 1982. West Indian Manatee Trichechus manatus. in Wild Mammals of North America Biology, Management, and Economics. Joseph A. Chapman and George A. Feldhamer, editors. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London. O'Shea, Thomas J. 1994. Manatees. Scientific American. July 1994. O'Shea, Thomas J. Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin Percival. 1995. Population Biology of the Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. O’Shea, Thomas J., and Wayne Hartley. 1995. Reproduction and early-age survival of manatees at Blue Spring, upper St. Johns River, Florida. pp. 157-170 in Thomas J. O'Shea, Bruce B. Ackerman, and H. Franklin Percival, editors. Population biology of the Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. O'Shea, Thomas J. and Charles A. 'Lex' Salisbury. 1991. Belize - a last stronghold for manatees in the Caribbean. Oryx. 25(3): 156-164. Ortiz, Rudy M., Graham A. J. Worthy and Duncan S. MacKenzie. 1998. Osmoregulation in wild and captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Physiological Zoology 71(4):449.457. Packard, Jane M., R. Kipp Frohlich, John E. Reynolds, III, and J. Ross Wilcox. 1989. Manatee response to interruption of a thermal effluent. Journal of Wildlife Management 53(3):692-700. Powell, James A. 1978. Evidence of carnivory in manatees (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Mammalogy. 59(2):442. Powell, James A. 1984. Manatees in the Gambia River Basin and potential impact of the Balingho Antisalt Dam with notes on Ivory Coast, West Africa. Trip Report. Institute for Marine Studies. 11 University of Washington. Seattle Washington 98195. Ralph, C. L., S. Young, R. Gettinger and T. J. O’Shea. 1985. Does the manatee have a pineal body? Acta Zoologica 66(1):55-60. Rathbun, Galen B., James P. Reid, Robert K. Bonde, and James A. Powell. 1995. Reproduction in freeranging Florida manatees. pp. 135-156 in T.J. O'Shea, B.B. Ackerman, and H.F. Percival, editors. Population biology of the Florida manatee. National Biological Service Information and Technology Report 1. Reynolds, John E., III. 1981. Aspects of the social behaviour and herd structure of a semi-isolated colony of West Indian manatees, Trichechus manatus. Mammalia. 45(4):431-451. Reynolds, John E., III, and John C. Ferguson. 1984. Implications of the presence of manatees (Trichechus manatus) near the Dry Tortugas islands. Florida Scientist 47(3):187-189. Reynolds, John E. III, and Daniel K. Odell. 1991. Manatees and Dugongs. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 192 pp. ISBN 0-8160-2436-7. Schwartz, F. J. 1995. Florida manatees, Trichechus manatus (Sirenia: Trichechidae) in North Carolina 1919-1994. Brimleyana 22:53-60. Springer, M. S., G. C. Cleven, O. Madsen, W. W. De Jong, V. G. Waddell, H. M. Amrine, M. J. Stanhope. 1997. Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. Nature (London) 388 (6637):61-64. Steller, Georg Wilhem. 1988. Journal of a Voyage with Bering 1741-1742. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 252 pp. Stejneger, Leonhard. 1887. How the great northern seacow (Rytina) became exterminated. The American Naturalist 21(12):1047-1054. RECOMMENDED READING Caldwell, David K., and Melba C. Caldwell. 1985. Manatees - Trichechus manatus, Trichechus senegalensis, and Trichechus inunguis. pp. 33-36 in Handbook of Marine Mammals, vol. 3, The Sirenians and Baleen Whales. eds. S. H. Ridgway and R. J. Harrison. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-1258-8503-2. Hartman, Daniel S. 1979. Ecology and behavior of the manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida. Special Publication no. 5. American Society of Mammalogists. 153 pp. ISBN 0-9436-1204-7. Reynolds, John E. III, and Daniel K. Odell. 1991. Manatees and Dugongs. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 192 pp. ISBN 0-8160-2436-7.
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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108 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15,
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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