2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme) in the northern Banana River, Florida. Some of the most important manatee food items around the cayes of Belize are turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum), manatee grass (S. filiforme), and shoal grass (H. wrightii) (LaCommare et al., 2008). There is also evidence that resting areas for cows and calves, as well as travel corridors between activity centers, may be critical habitats for manatees (Packard & Wetterqvist, 1986; Deutsch et al., 2007). Major threats to survival of the species include habitat degradation and loss, illegal hunting, boat strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, entrapment in water control structures, pollution, disease, and human disturbance (Deutsch et al., 2007). Conservation of this species is dependent on conservation of habitat that meets the requirements described above. Compared to osmoregulation, thermoregulation, and foraging requirements, little is known about manatee resting behavior and the importance of resting habitat for conservation of the species. Hartman (1979) and Bengtson (1981) described Florida manatees as arrhythmic, spending most of their time feeding, resting, idling, cruising, and socializing with no correlation of activity with time of day. The hypothesis that Florida manatees lack a daily activity pattern is supported by two lines of evidence: (1) similar nocturnal and diurnal behaviors (Hartman, 1971) and (2) lack of a pineal body (Ralph et al., 1985; Wally Welker, pers. comm.). Hartman (1979) also found that Florida manatees devoted considerable time to resting behavior with no strict preference for resting sites, which included limestone shelves, oyster bars, and vegetation. However, more recent studies indicated that manatees have a diurnal or nocturnal preference for resting in different areas of Florida. For example, during winter along the Atlantic coast, manatees rested in canals during the day and foraged at night (Deutsch et al., 2003). In Sarasota, they will bottom-rest in deeper areas during the winter when it is colder, and then will switch to surface resting when temperatures increase (Sheri W. Barton, pers. comm.). Along the Gulf Coast during winter months, manatees use the warm water springs in Crystal River to rest at night and often travel downriver to feed on Ruppia during the day (Reep & Bonde, 2006). Similar evidence of resting during certain times has been found for other manatee species. Observations of a solitary Amazonian manatee (T. inunguis) suggested an activity pattern with the individual sleeping for the first half of the night (Mukhametov et al., 1992). In areas with high instances of hunting, there is evidence that manatees (including the West African manatee, T. senegalensis) may have shifted to Resting Holes of the Antillean Manatee in Belize 63 greater nocturnal activity and a more diurnal resting pattern (Rathbun et al., 1983; Reynolds et al., 1995; Powell & Kouadio, 2006). Manatees also appear to follow patterns in both resting times and resting sites. During low tides and the dry season in Venezuela and Costa Rica, they often take refuge in holes or channels in the rivers that range from 6 to 12 m in depth (O’Shea et al., 1988; Smethurst & Nietschmann, 1999). Anecdotal observations suggest that manatees in Nicaragua rest in quiet, sheltered, deep water during most of the day, leaving to feed only during the night, early morning, and late afternoon (Jiménez, 2002). In Belize, resting behavior has been correlated with the presence of a “resting hole” (CSS & K. LaCommare, unpub. data), which has also been identified as a significant factor for predicting the presence of manatees at 54 permanent sampling points in the Drowned Cayes during a daytime study (LaCommare et al., 2008). The objectives of this study were to determine what factors influence the use of previously identified resting holes by manatees and whether manatees use the resting holes more often during the day or at night. Materials and Methods Study Area The study was conducted over the summers of 2005 and 2006 in the Drowned Cayes of Belize (located about 15 km east of Belize City at N <strong>17</strong>° 28.0', W 88° 04.5'; Figure 1), which are a labyrinth of mangrove islands approximately 13 km long separated by lagoons, coves, and bogues (channels that separate the mangrove cayes both within and between ranges) (Ford, 1991). The ecosystem is marine with an average salinity of 35 ppt, although a few low salinity sites have been identified (CSS, unpub. data). Extensive seagrass beds surround these islands, making them excellent foraging habitats for manatees. Characterization of Resting Holes For the purpose of this study, a resting hole is defined as an area where manatees have consistently been observed in a resting state of behavior. Twelve resting holes in the Drowned Cayes were chosen as a subset of 54 permanent scanpoints where manatees have been studied since 2001 (LaCommare et al., 2008). The holes were characterized by depth using a HondexTM digital depth sounder (Forestry Suppliers), substrate (mud or sand), and vegetation (seagrass, algae, none). Water temperature (using a Taylor ® classic instant read pocket digital thermometer), salinity (using a WP-84 conductivity-TDS-temperature meter from TPS Pty), and water velocity (using
64 Bacchus et al. Figure 1. Map of Belize (inset) and the Drowned Cayes in relation to Belize City a General Oceanics mechanical flowmeter model 2030R from Forestry Suppliers; speed range 10 cm/s to 7.9 m/s) were measured at three points in the water column—surface, mid-water, and bottom—above each resting hole. Latitude and longitude were recorded above the deepest point of each resting hole with a GPS (Garmin ® Global Positioning System 12 Personal Navigator ® ). For comparison, these variables were measured at 20 non-resting hole scan-points.
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
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4848 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 4
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 15(1): 102-1
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104 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15.
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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