2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  However, this involves considerable time and effort by the observer and does not always yield individual identification due to lack of natural markings and/or poor visibility in many habitats (LaCommare and Self-Sullivan, personal observation). Preliminary analysis indicates that population abundance estimates via mark-recapture techniques might be possible (Self-Sullivan 2008, Auil & Powell, Personal communication). Distance sampling and photo-identification requires considerable observer training. Equipment and observer training may price monitoring programs out of reach of most wildlife and conservation agencies in developing nations (Aragones et al. in press; Aragones et al. 1997). Our index does not appear to have a bottom threshold below which manatees are not detected, but 30-minutes is a better scan duration than 20-minutes. The histograms of time- to-first-sighting indicate that for locations with a greater than 30% probability of sighting a manatee, roughly 90% of all manatees are sighted within the first 20 minutes of a 30- minute scan. But, for locations with a less than 30% probability of sighting a manatee, it takes longer to spot the first manatee and it takes up 24 minutes before 90% of all manatees are sighted. Based on our analysis of possible influences on detection probability, the relationship between our index and population abundance is constant over conditions and time because environmental conditions and manatee behavior do not appear to significantly influence the number of manatees sighted. This is a surprising result. Visibility bias, bias from the result of observers missing animals due to observer inconsistencies and environmental conditions, is significant in aerial surveys for manatees (See Packard et al. 1985 and Wright et al. 2002). Sighting conditions such as water clarity, turbidity, sea state and surface glare have all been shown to affect visibility (i.e. Reynolds and Wilcox 1994) 14
285  286  287  288  289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304  305  306  307  in aerial surveys. There are two principal reasons why these factors may not affect visibility of manatees from boats. From a boat, observers search for manatees across the horizontal plane of the water looking for signs of the manatees’ body (a nose, tail or back) breaking through the surface of the water. Water clarity isn’t going to affect this to the same extent as aerial surveys in which observers are searching for manatees within the water column. In extremely turbid water, like that found in “black water” lake and river systems of the Amazon, lower vantage points allow better visibility of an animal breaking the surface of the water than do higher vantage points (Aragones et al. in press). Sea state may not impact visibility because when surface choppiness is slight – sea state of zero or one – any disturbance to the surface of the water is noticeable and therefore manatees will be spotted. Because manatees need to rise their nose above the water to breathe, when there is a sea state of two or three – choppy conditions – manatees will raise their entire head out of the water (Personal observation, KSL and CSS) which facilitates the observer’s ability to spot manatees and negates the impact of sea state on visibility. Surveys were not conducted in a sea state higher than three. It is not clear why surface glare does not impact visibility. There are three possible explanations. Surveys are conducted between 9:30 am and 4:30 pm when surface glare, due to a sun low on the horizon, is at a minimum. Multiple trained observers searching for manatees may reduce the negative effects of sun glare. And, manatees usually surface multiple times during a 30-minute search duration which increases the possibility of spotting a manatee even during difficult observation conditions. The biggest concern with our study was that number of volunteers had a negative effect on our ability to spot manatees. The greater the number of volunteers the fewer 15
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
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4848 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 4
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 15(1): 102-1
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104 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15.
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114 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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118 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE. VOL. 15.
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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174 FIG. 1. Drowned Cayes study are
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176 severe event occurred in 1998 (
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Coral Reefs (1997) 16, Suppl.: S23
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Table 1. Caribbean Diadema lore Sou
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Table 2. Historical accounts of the
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Table 3. Excerpts from Ernest F. Th
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Bradbury RH, Seymour RM, Antonelli
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Social Interactions in Captive Fema
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Captive Female Manatee Social Behav
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ut not random. Behaviors were not o
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Community Structure, Population Con
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422 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST the pla
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424 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST sarily
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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