2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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MANN: BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING METHODS 119 Sampling from large groups of hundreds or thousands (e.g., Scott and Per- ryman 1991) can prove to be difficult. However, Ostman (1994) has success- fully completed short focal follows on Stenella longirostris in Hawaii, suggesting that it is possible to stay with individuals long enough to get a 5-min sample using an underwater observation booth built into a vessel. Scan sampling of large groups of unidentified animals is another possible approach. In such circumstances, researchers would need to scan a subset, possibly by randomly selecting subgroups or particular agehex classes. Videotaping for later scoring or photogrammetric analysis (.g., Scott and Perryman 1991) can provide data on association and behavior. Although observation conditions for studying cetaceans are rarely ideal, proximity between animals, synchrony in surfacing, and basic activities can be recorded systematically under most sampling conditions. Cetacean behavioral research could benefit greatly from a wider use of quantitative sampling techniques. If applied carefully, such partial but systematic observations can help elucidate cetacean social and behavioral ecology. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper was prepared while I was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California, with support from the National Science Foundation (#SBR-9022 192). Helpful comments on the manuscript were provided by Robin Baird, Vincent Janik, Edward Miller, Amy Samuels, three anonymous reviewers, William F. Perrin, Douglas Wartzok, and especially Peter L. Tyack. I was also sup- ported by the Helen V. Brach Foundation, The Eppley Foundation for Research, and Georgetown University. I thank Jeanne Altmann for igniting my interest in observational methods in 1980. LITERATURE CITED ALTMANN, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49: 227-267. CLARK, C. W. 1980. A real-time direction finding device for determining the bearing to the underwater sounds of southern right whales, (Eubalaena australis). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68:508-5 11. DUNBAR, R. I. M. 1976. Some aspects of research design and their implications in the observational study of behaviour. Behaviour 58:79-98. FRAGASZY, D. M., S. BOINSKI AND J. WHIPPLE. 1992. Behavioral sampling in the field: Comparison of individual and group sampling methods. American Journal of Primatology 26:259-275. FRANKEL, A. S., C.W. CLARK, L.M. HERMAN AND C.M. GABRIELE. 1995. Spatial distribution, habitat utilization, and social interactions of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, off Hawaii determined using acoustic and visual techniques. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1134-1146. FREITAG, L., AND P. L. TYACK. 1993. Passive acoustic localization of Atlantic bottlenose dolphin whistles and clicks. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93: 2 197-2205. HAMMOND, P. S. , S. A. MIZROCH AND G.P. DONOVAN. EDS. 1990. Individual recognition of cetaceans: Use of photo-identification and other techniques to estimate popu-
120 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 15, NO. 1, 1999 lation parameters. Report of the <strong>International</strong> Whaling Commission (Special Issue 12). Hum, S. J., AND C. HUTT. 1970. Direct observation and measurement of behavior. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. MACHLIS, L., P. W. D. DODD AND J. C. FENTRESS. 1985. The pooling fallacy: Problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 68:201-2 14. MANN, J. , AND B. SMUTS. In press. Behavioural development of wild bottlenose dolphin newborns. Behaviour. MANN, J., T. TEN HAVE, J. W. PLUNKETT AND S. J. MEISELS. 1991. Time sampling: A methodological critique. Child Development 62:227-241. MARTIN, P., AND P. BATESON. 1986. Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. MILINSKI, M. 1997. How to avoid seven deadly sins in the study of behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26:160-180. OSTMAN, J. S. 0. 1994. Social organization and social behavior of Hawai’ian spinner dolphins (Stenella longiristrzs). Ph.D. dissertation, The University of California, Santa Cruz, CA. 114 pp. ROGOSA, D., AND G. GHANDOUR. 1991. Statistical models for behavioral observations. Journal of Educational Statistics 16: 157-252. SAMUELS, A., AND T. GIFFORD. 1997. A quantitative assessment of dominance relations among bottlenose dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 13:70-99. SCOTT, M. D., AND W. L. PERRYMAN. 1991. Using aerial photogrammetry to study dolphin school structure. Pages 227-241 in K. Pryor and K. S. Norris, eds. Dolphin societies: Discoveries and puzzles. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. SHANE, S. H. 1990. Behavior and ecology of the bottlenose dolphin at Sanibel Island, Florida. Pages 245-265 in S. Leatherwood and R. R. Reeves, eds. The bottlenose dolphin. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. TYACK, P. 1985. An optical telemetry device to identify which dolphin produces a sound. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78:1892-1895. TYACK, P. L., AND C. A. RECCHIA. 1991. A datalogger to identify vocalizing dolphins. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90: 1668-167 1. TYLER, S. 1979. Time-sampling: A matter of convention. Animal Behaviour 272301- 810. WATERS, S., AND H. WHITEHEAD. 1990. Aerial behaviour in sperm whales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:2076-2082. WHITEHEAD, H. 1995. Investigating structure and temporal scale in social organizations using identified individuals. Behavioral Ecology 6: 199-208. WHITEHEAD, H. 1997. Analyzing animal social structure. Animal Behaviour 53: 1053- 1067. WHITEHEAD, H., AND L. WEILGART. 1991. Patterns of visually observable behaviour and vocalizations in groups of female sperm whales. Behaviour 118:275-296. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. WURSIG, B., E. M. DORSEY, M. A. FRAKER, R. S. PAYNE AND W. J. RICHARDSON. 1985. Behavior of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetlrs, summering in the Beaufort Sea: A description. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 83:357-377. Received: 10 July 1995 Accepted: 14 January 1998
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Date: Page 4 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4846 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 2
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4848 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Fig. 4
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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4852 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. Formia
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Environmental Conservation 29 (2):
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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196 C.M. Duarte atmospheric inputs
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198 C.M. Duarte development (Short
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200 C.M. Duarte POTENTIAL STATUS IN
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202 C.M. Duarte detecting losses of
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204 C.M. Duarte Coles, R. & Fortes,
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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and positively related to knowledge
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student’s ability to learn facts
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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and minimize traffic-induced wildli
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decision rules they use in response
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Gagnon JW, Theimer TC, Dodd NL, Boe
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402 Opinion TRENDS in Ecology and E
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 DOI 10.10
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 45 Fig. 1
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 47 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 49 Table
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 51 the pr
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Anim Cogn (2009) 12:43-53 53 L, Rei
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(Halodule wrightii and Syringodium
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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Figure 3. The number of scans (whit
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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576 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 1 Refe
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578 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 3 Refe
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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608 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 27,
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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