2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., Martínez-Pérez, L., Aranda, A., Guillen, J.E., Sánchez-Jerez, P. & Sánchez-Lizaso, J.L. (1993) Protección de la praderas de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile mediante arrecifes artificiales disuasorios frente a la pesca de arrastre ilegal: el caso de El Campello (SE Ibérico). Publicaciones Especiales Instituto Español Oceanografía 11: 431–439. Reusch, T.B.H., Borström, C., Stam, W.T. & Olsen, J.L. (1999) An ancient eelgrass clone in the Baltic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 183: 301–304. Robblee, M.B., Barber, T.R., Carlson, P.R. Jr, Durako, M.J., Fourqurean, J.W., Muehlstein, L.K., Porter, D., Yarbro, L.A., Zieman, R.T. & Zieman, J.C. (1991) Mass mortality of the tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay (USA). Marine Ecology Progress Series 71: 297–9. Sand-Jensen, K. & Borum, J. (1991) Interactions among phytoplankton, periphyton, and macrophytes in temperate freshwaters and estuaries. Aquatic Botany 41: 137–76. Short, F.T. & Burdick, D.M. (1996) Quantifying seagrass habitat loss in relation to housing development and nitrogen loading in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 19: 730–739. Short, F.T. & Duarte, C.M. (2001) Methods for the measurement of seagrass growth and production. In: Global Seagrass Research Methods, ed. F.T. Short & R.G. Coles, pp: 155-182. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. Short, F.T. & Neckles, H.A. (1999) The effects of global climate change on seagrasses. Aquatic Botany 63: 169–196. Short, F.T. & Wyllie-Echeverria, S. (1996) Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23: 17–27. Terrados, J. & Duarte, C.M. (1999) Experimental evidence of reduced particle resuspension within a seagrass (Posidonia oceanica L.) meadow. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 243: 45–53. Terrados, J., Duarte, C.M., Fortes, M.D., Borum, J., Agawin, N.S.R., Bach, S., Thampanya, U., Kamp-Nielsen, L., Kenworthy, W.J., Geertz-Hansen, O. & Vermaat, J. (1998) Changes in community structure and biomass of seagrass communities along gradients of siltation in SE Asia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46: 757–768. Terrados, J., Duarte, C.M., Kamp-Nielsen, L., Borum, J., Agawin, N.S.R., Fortes, M.D., Gacia, E., Lacap, D., Lubanski, M. & Greve, T. (1999) Are seagrass growth and survival affected by reducing conditions in the sediment? Aquatic Botany 65: 175–197. UNEP (1989) State of the Mediterranean Marine Environment. Athens, Greece: MAP Technical Report Series, Volume 28. Van Katwijk, M.M., Vergeer, L.H.T., Schmitz, G.H.W. & Roelofs, J.G.M. (1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 157: 159–73. Vidal, M., Duarte, C.M. & Sánchez, M.C. (1999) Coastal eutrophication research in Europe: progress and imbalances. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38: 851–854. Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J. & Melillo, J.M. (1997) Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277: 494–499. Walker, D.I., Lukatelich, R.J., Bastyan, G. & McComb, A.J. (1989) Effect of boat moorings on seagrass beds near Perth, Western Australia. Aquatic Botany 36: 69–77. World Resources Institute (1998) World Resources 1998–99. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 369 pp. Young, P.C. (1978) Moreton Bay, Queensland: a nursey area for juvenile penaeid prawns. Australian Journal Marine Freshwater Research 29: 55–57. Zieman, J.C., Fourqurean, J.W., Frankovich, T.A. (1999) Seagrass dieoff in Florida Bay (USA): long-term trends in abundance and growth of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuaries 22: 460–470. Zieman, J.C., Iverson, R.L. & Ogden, J.C. (1984). Herbivory effects on Thalassia testudinum leaf growth and nitrogen content. Marine Ecology Progress Series 15: 151–8. Zimmerman, R.C., Kohrs, D.G., Steller, D.L. & Alberte, R.S. 1997. Impacts of CO 2 enrichment on productivity and light requirements of eelgrass. Plant Physiology 115: 599–607.
OUTLOOK ON EVOLUTION AND SOCIETY doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00911.x IS THE AGE OF THE EARTH ONE OF OUR “SOREST TROUBLES?” STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DEEP TIME AFFECT THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Sehoya Cotner, 1,2 D. Christopher Brooks, 3 and Randy Moore 1 1 Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 2 E-mail: harri054@umn.edu 3 Office of Information Technology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Received July 20, 2009 Accepted November 10, 2009 KEY WORDS: Age of the Earth, evolution education, science education. When Charles Darwin was developing his ideas for On the Origin of Species, the most widely accepted estimates of Earth’s age were those of William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). Kelvin used calculations involving thermodynamics to argue that Earth is only 20–100 million years old—an age far too brief to accommodate evolution by natural selection. Darwin referred to Thomson’s claim as one of his “sorest troubles,” for Darwin understood that the history of life on Earth ultimately relies on geology. Darwin suspected that Earth was much older than Thomson claimed, but Thomson’s enormous stature as a scientist obliged Darwin to reconcile his claims with Kelvin’s data. To accommodate Kelvin’s timeline, Darwin proposed pangenesis as an explanation of inheritance (i.e., every sperm and egg contained “gemmules thrown off from each different unit throughout the body”). Darwin’s explanation sped evolution while avoiding Lamarck’s quasi-spiritual sources of acquired traits. However, Darwin’s explanation of inheritance was wrong (see discussion in Moore et al. 2009a). The age of Earth remains a divisive topic in the modern evolution–creationism controversy. Whereas mainstream science has long acknowledged that Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, a vocal group of citizens and religious activists con- 858 tinue to insist that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. Although most geocentrists and flat-Earth advocates have capitulated to scientific evidence, young-Earth creationists continue to reject scientific evidence in favor of religious dictum to claim that Earth is less than 10,000 years old. These antiscience claims have been surprisingly popular with the public. For example, a Gallup Poll in early 2009 reported that “On Darwin’s [200th] Birthday, Only 4 in 10 Believe in Evolution” (Newport 2009), and Berkman et al. (2008) noted that “16% [of biology teachers] believed that human beings were created by God in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.” In another study, 12.5% of students were young-Earth creationists (Rutledge and Warden 2000), as are 10%–14% of biology majors (Moore and Cotner 2009). Answers in Genesis’ (AiG) Creation Museum, along with the $27 million in donations required to build it, attest to the appeal of young-Earth creationism. Indeed, AiG’s income for 2005 exceeded $13 million, and that of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR, another religious organization based on young-Earth creationism) exceeded $7 million. For comparison, the 2005 income of National Center for Science Education—the nation’s leading organization that defends the teaching of evolution in public schools—was C○ 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation C○ 2010 The Society for the Study of Evolution. Evolution 64-3: 858–864
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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FIELD TRAINING AND ASSIGNMENTS Duri
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS SBCRC is s
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HEALTH INFORMATION Routine Immuniza
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• Consult the CDC for immunizatio
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Oil or oil-based repellant (e.g. ol
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Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation
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MINIMUM / MAXIMUM CLASS SIZE: 6-24
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COURSE FEE & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Ecology, Behavior & Conservation of
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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FIELD JOURNALS You are required to
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction The
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction On a
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Method We selected a patch reef loc
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OUR INVESTIGATION Introduction We f
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OUR RESEARCH FINDINGS Introduction
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area on the north part of the islan
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Introduction Sea stars have long be
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INVESTIGATION Introduction Retracti
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Introduction Shells serve as a limi
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Introduction Lunar reproductive rhy
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TRIP SUMMARY SHEET (page 1) Day of
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RECORD OF EFFORT DATA SHEET Event (
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 2
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MANATEE SIGHTINGS AND SCANS Page 4
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Date: Page 2 of ____ Sight/Scan Rec
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Sighting Log Continued from Page 1
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2010 VT: Scholar, BANNER, Safe Zone
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presentation to Horn Point Environm
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• Developed and managed education
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LaCommare, Katherine S. November 20
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• Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy,
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B. Ouranos, C. Bursey, and H. Kalb.
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2006. Holy Redeemer Day Camp. Conta
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18 NEWS AND VIEWS By 1995, in respo
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4842 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. are co
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4844 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. templa
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4850 J. M. BLUMENTHAL ET AL. mixed
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The Elusive Manatee -- An ethologic
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during the summer months while othe
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polyandrous - often mating with sev
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in the summer. Chessie, a male Flor
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ecords indicate that manatees have
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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Manatees on the Belize Barrier Reef
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(a) (b) Manatees on the Belize Barr
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direction, and (e) when ‘travelli
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Season signi cantly aVected mean se
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male travelled at least as far as B
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55. Ontario Fisheries Research Labo
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NEWS OF THE WEEK MEETINGBRIEFS>> 10
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Functional Ecology 2008, 22, 284-28
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286 S. R. Noren Fig. 3. Swimming ki
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288 S. R. Noren Kelly, H.R. (1959)
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630 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 23,
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36 LaCommare et al. to the Drowned
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38 LaCommare et al. Figure 2. Map o
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40 LaCommare et al. points was 0.31
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42 LaCommare et al. may even provid
Page 183 and 184: 172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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Page 222 and 223: 194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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580 D. J. Semeyn et al. Fig. 4 Kern
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582 D. J. Semeyn et al. biologists
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Intraspecific and geographic variat
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 DOI 10.
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 835 dur
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 837 Tab
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 839 Man
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Genetica (2011) 139:833-842 841 edu
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 DOI 10.1
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Fish Sci (2011) 77:795-798 797 was
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Low genetic variation and evidence
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Reduced Belize manatee dispersal an
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and respond to human encounters by
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tourist vessels are present, and th
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that approach behaviour may be habi
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to structure almost completely the
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MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 27(3): 606-6
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Journal of Zoology The lesser of tw
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E. M. Arraut et al. & Sparks, 1989)
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E. M. Arraut et al. Frequent cloud
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E. M. Arraut et al. rising-water we
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E. M. Arraut et al. (Link, 1795) an
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
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Fig. 1. Rescue locations of manatee
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The present study is the first to c
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Bearhop, S., Waldron, S., Votier, S
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Table 1. Results from the GLM relat
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28
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Figure 1. Map of the Drowned Cayes
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Figure 3. Histogram of number of ma
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a. b. c. Power Power Power 100 80 6
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