2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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Journal of Zoology The lesser of two evils: seasonal migrations of Amazonian manatees in the Western Amazon E. M. Arraut 1,2 , M. Marmontel 3 , J. E. Mantovani 4 , E. M.L.M. Novo 1 , D. W. Macdonald 2 & R. E. Kenward 5 1 Earth Observation General Coordination, Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 2 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney, Oxfordshire, UK 3 Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute, Tefé, AM, Brazil 4 National Institute for Space Research, Natal Regional Center, Natal, RN, Brazil 5 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK Keywords Trichechus inunguis; habitat selection; remote sensing; geographical information system; Sirenia; migration. Correspondence Eduardo Moraes Arraut, Earth Observation General Coordination, Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Avenida dos Astronautas, 1 758, Jardim da Granja, PO Box 515, CEP 12227- 101, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. Tel: 55 12 3945 6486; Fax: 55 12 3945 6488 Email: arraut@dsr.inpe.br or arraut@gmail.com Editor: Andrew Kitchener Received 9 March 2009; revised 28 August 2009; accepted 13 September 2009 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00655.x Introduction Abstract Migrationisanadaptationtoenvironmentsinwhichhabitat quality in different regions changes asynchronously in space and/or time (Dingle & Drake, 2007). This implies that habitat quality in the destination will be better than that at the origin, but not necessarily that it must be good. Here, we show that Amazonian manatees that live in the region of the Mamirauá and Amana˜ Sustainable Development Reserves (RDSM and RDSA, respectively) are subject to challenging habitat conditions during part of the year, and that they migrate into an area that is their best option under difficult circumstances. Journal of Zoology. Print ISSN 0952-8369 We investigated the paradox of why Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis undergo seasonal migrations to a habitat where they apparently fast. Ten males were tracked using VHF telemetry between 1994 and 2006 in the Mamirauá and Amana˜ Sustainable Development Reserves, constituting the only long-term dataset on Amazonian manatee movements in the wild. Their habitat was characterized by analysing aquatic space and macrophyte coverage dynamics associated with the annual flood-pulse cycle of the River Solimo˜es. Habitat information came from fieldwork, two hydrographs, a three-dimensional model of the water bodies and classifications of Landsat-TM/ETM + images. We show that during high-water season (mid-May to end-June), males stay in várzea lakes in association with macrophytes, which they select. We then show that, during lowwater (October–November), the drastic reduction in aquatic space in the várzea leads to the risk of their habitat drying out and increases the manatees’ vulnerability to predators such as caimans, jaguars and humans. This explains why males migrate to Ria Amana˜. Based on data on illegal hunting, we argue that this habitat variability influences females to migrate too. We then use published knowledge of the environment’s dynamics to argue that when water levels are high, the habitats that can support the largest manatee populations are the várzeas of white-water rivers, and we conjecture that rias are the species’ main low-water refuges throughout Western Amazonia. Finally, we warn that the species may be at greater risk than previously thought, because migration and low-water levels make manatees particularly vulnerable to hunters. Moreover, because the flooding regime of Amazonian rivers is strongly related to large-scale climatic phenomena, there might be a perilous connection between climate change and the future prospects for the species. Our experience reveals that the success of research and conservation of wild Amazonian manatees depends on close working relationships with local inhabitants. We studied the influence of seasonal habitat variation on the migration of the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis, which is the only member of the order Sirenia that lives exclusively in freshwater (Bertram & Bertram, 1973). Its distribution spans the Amazon basin, from Ecuador (Timm, Albuja & Clauson, 1986) and Peru (Reeves et al., 1996) to the Atlantic coast of Brazil (Best, 1984). Phylogenetic studies suggest that manatees from the mid-Solimo˜es, midand low-Amazonas form a single panmictic population (Cantanhede et al., 2005). Amazonian manatees are herbivores that in the RDSM and RDSA have been reported to feed on 63 species of Journal of Zoology 280 (2010) 247–256 c 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation c 2009 The Zoological Society of London 247
Seasonal migration of Amazonian manatees E. M. Arraut et al. aquatic macrophytes (annual freshwater plants) (Guterres & Marmontel, 2008). Adults reach up to 3 m in length and 450 kg in weight (Caldwell & Caldwell, 1985), and consume about 8% of their body weight in aquatic macrophytes per day (Rosas, 1994). Because of strong habitat seasonality (see ‘Materials and methods’), Amazonian manatees face an annual period of food shortage, which may last 7 months, during which they apparently fast (Best, 1983). The first tracking of an Amazonian manatee was carried out by Montgomery, Best & Yamakoshi (1981). A juvenile male was captured in the wild, kept in captivity for 20 months (approximately half its life) and then released during the rising-water period in a várzea (a floodplain of a river with nutrient-rich and high-silt content water) near Manaus (a different region from where it had been captured). The manatee was tracked for 20 days, during which it spent most of its time feeding on aquatic macrophytes, and moved at a similar rate by day and by night. The Amazonian manatee’s migration was first reported by Marmontel et al. (2002), who tracked five adult males during a period of four and a half years. This showed that individuals migrated each year between várzea lakes, where they spent the high-water period, and Ria Amanã (a ria is long narrow lake formed by the partial submergence of a river valley), where they spent the low-water period (see ‘Materials and methods’). Here, we extend the initial sample to 10 radio-tagged manatees to show (1) new migratory routes and (2) that the migration pattern remains consistent. We also indicate associations between Amazonian manatee 248 migratory movements and (3) availability of preferred food and (4) aquatic space reduction and predator aggregation. On that basis, we propose that the migratory behaviour, which is paradoxical insofar as animals travel to a place where, seemingly, they cannot eat, is a balance of feeding and predator avoidance. Finally, in the light of our results, we discuss the next steps for the species’ conservation. Materials and methods Study site The study region comprises just over 1 million hectares and lies within RDSM and RDSA, mid-River Solimo˜es region, Amazonas, Brazil (Fig. 1). The region was chosen because there were previous data on radio-tracked manatees (Marmontel et al., 2002), and the RDSM infrastructure facilitated fieldwork and the development of relationships with local communities. Its 120 km longitudinal extent (W65103 0 43.60 00 –W63151 0 49.80 00 ) encompassed all locations of the tracked manatees, and its 70 km latitudinal extent (S02114 0 39.34 00 –S03137 0 45.74) is bounded by várzea and by the Ria Amanã. In the várzea study region, water levels fluctuate annually over a range of 16 m, while in Ria Amana˜ annual variation is about 10 m (Fig. 2a). This variation in water level is caused by a flood pulse in the River Solimo˜es, and this pulse is the principal determinant of the extent and depth of flooding (Fig. 2b) and of the water’s physical chemistry (Junk, Bayley Figure 1 Study region showing in: small quadrant, location in relation to South America; large quadrant, band 4 of Landsat-TM image overlaid by migration routes of male Amazonian manatees Trichechus inunguis. Thin white lines are routes reported by Marmontel et al., (2002), thicker white lines are routes of manatees tracked later; thicker lines end at Lake Castanho so as not to mask previously detected routes, but all routes lead to or depart from Ria Amanã. Also shown are location of gauges (white squares) and of local human communities (white crosses). Journal of Zoology 280 (2010) 247–256 c 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation c 2009 The Zoological Society of London
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ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR & CONSERVATION OF
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discomfort without proper protectio
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ABOUT BELIZE Research Site: The pro
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2012 Field Course Policy & Liabilit
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OUR INVESTIGATION Figure 2. G. crut
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Introduction Our Investigation Befo
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Florida manatee. National Biologica
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parturition: the action or process
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172 NOTES Caribbean Journal of Scie
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194 C.M. Duarte well as more recent
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206 C.M. Duarte Ramos-Esplá, A., M
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$1.2 million (Moore et al. 2009a).
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Conservation and Behaviour Richard
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animals may adopt microhabitat choi
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Diurnal and Nocturnal Scans Four of
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in 2006. Although this difference i
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manatus in Costa Rica. Biological C
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574 D. J. Semeyn et al. and natural
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III. RESULTS Manatees in Florida an
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2012 COURSE DATES: AUGUST 4 – 17, 2012 - Sirenian International

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